MULTIVERSES

• Where Does It End? — Adrian Moore on The Infinite

  Infinity may seem simple, just the absence of limits. But the closer we examine it, the more it unravels into paradox and mystery. Can some infinities be larger than others? How can an infinite hotel be fully booked yet still have room for more guests?In this episode of Multiverses, I’m joined by Adrian Moore, professor of philosophy at Oxford, to explore these questions. We dive into Hilbert’s Hotel, Cantor’s revolutionary work on transfinite numbers, and the philosophical and even theological implications of the absolute infinite—the place where maths itself seems to break down.Along the way, we ask: Is infinity something we can ever truly grasp? Or does it forever retreat beyond our understanding?If you like these topics, where science, maths give way to the unstable ground of philosophy ... subscribe!Adrian's academic homepageAdrian's book: The Infinite

  --------  

  1:16:10
• 37| Mind-Wandering — Kalina Christoff Hadjiilieva on the Science of Spontaneous Thought

  Mind-wandering is often dismissed as a distraction, an idle drift away from productive thought. But what if this spontaneous movement of the mind is not just a quirk of cognition but a fundamental feature of how we think, create, and find meaning? Our guest, Kalina Christoff Hadjiilieva, is a Professor of Psychology at the University of British Columbia where she leads The Cognitive Neuroscience of Thought Laboratory. Her work explores the neural mechanisms behind mind-wandering, uncovering how our brains shift between goal-directed focus and free-flowing exploration. Kalina argues that mind-wandering is not a failure of attention but an essential cognitive process—one that fuels creativity, problem-solving, and insight. While some scientists define mind-wandering narrowly as thinking about anything other than the task at hand, she proposes a broader, more dynamic definition: mind-wandering is thought moving freely, unconstrained by immediate demands or rigid patterns. Neuroscience has long favored studying controlled, deliberate cognition. The executive brain functions—the ones we can track, measure, and influence—are often given priority. But Kalina points out that the vast majority of brain activity is spontaneous and unexplained. She advocates for a shift in perspective: instead of treating free thought as noise, we should recognize its role in structuring our experiences, shaping our beliefs, and allowing us to make sense of the world. Mind-wandering, Kalina suggests, is not just about distraction—it is about discovery.

  --------  

  1:38:13
• 36| History of Science: Mythmaking & Contingency — Patricia Fara

  Scientific discoveries can often be codified in simple laws, neatly stated in textbooks with directions on applying them. But the enterprise of science is embedded in society. It depends on individuals and economies. It is far from simple to answer the question: How did we get these laws? Patricia Fara is an Emeritus Fellow of Clare College, Cambridge. She is a former president of the British Society for the History of Science and has written Science: A Four Thousand Year History, Newton: The Making of Genius, and numerous other books. Patricia discusses the way we often mythologize individual scientists and how the notion of genius has changed over the centuries. She also highlights lesser-known figures, such as Hertha Ayrton, whose contribution should not be measured merely in scientific breakthroughs, but in how they paved the way for further women scientists.

  --------  

  1:29:48
• 35| Hypercomputation: Why Machines May never Think Like Humans — Selmer Bringsjord

  AI can do many things equally well as humans: such as writing plausible prose or answering exam questions. In certain domains, AI goes far beyond human capabilities — playing chess for instance.We might expect that nothing prevents machines from one day besting humans at every task. Indeed, it is often asserted that, in principle, everything (and more) within the range of human cognition will one day fall within the ken of AI.But what if there are concepts and ways of thinking that are off-limits to any machine, yet not so for humans? Selmer Bringsjord, Professor in Cognitive Science at RPI joins us this week and argues we need to rethink human thought.Selmer argues that humans have been able to grasp problems that machines cannot — humans are capable of hypercomputation. Hypercomputation is computation above the Turing limit, as such it can solve problems beyond the power of any machine we can currently conceive.In particular, Turing computation cannot encompass infinitary logic, yet humans have been able to reason effectively about the infinite. Similarly, Gödel’s theorem points to a class of riddles machines cannot reach, yet human genius has identified.This is a huge topic, accepting Selmer’s arguments entails accepting that human minds work in a way that evades our understanding — their mechanisms obeying mechanics of which we are wholly ignorant.Whether or not you agree with Selmer’s conclusions, this is a brilliant exploration of the boundaries of thought.Links Selmer's Academic Homepage RPI AI and Reasoning Lab (RAIR)

  --------  

  1:39:31
• 34| Animal Minds — Kristin Andrews on why assuming consciousness would aid science

  There is no consensus on what minds are, but there is plenty of agreement on where they can be found: in humans. Yet human consciousness may account for only a small proportion of the consciousness on our planet. Our guest, Kristin Andrews, is a Professor of Animal Minds at the University of York, Ontario, Canada. She is a philosopher working in close contact with biologists and cognitive scientists and has spent time living in the jungle to observe research on orangutans. Kristin notes that comparative psychology has historically resisted attributing such things as intentions, learning, consciousness, and minds to animals. Yet she argues that this is misguided in the light of the evidence, that often the best way to make sense of the complexity of animal behavior is to invoke minds and intentional concepts. Recently Kristin has proposed that the default assumption — the null hypothesis — should be that animals have minds. Currently, biologists examine markers of consciousness on a species-by-species basis, for example looking for the presence of pain receptor skills, and preferential tradeoffs in behavior. But everywhere we have looked, even in tiny nematode worms, we find multiple markers present. Kristin reasons that switching the focus from asking "where are the minds?" to "what sort of minds are there?" would prove more fruitful. The question of consciousness and AI is at the forefront of popular discourse, but to make progress on a scientific theory of mind we should draw on the richer data of the natural world. Kristin's website has links to her books and papers. As an introduction to her thinking How To Study Animal Minds is a gem of a book.

  --------  

  1:14:57

More Science podcasts

Trending Science podcasts

About MULTIVERSES

MULTIVERSES: Podcasts in Family