Therapy on the Cutting Edge

In this episode, I speak with Tom Wooldridge, Psy.D, A.B.P.P., a psychologist and psychoanalysist who works with adolescents, adults, and families with eating disorders, about integrating family-based and psychodynamic approaches. Tom shares his career journey, beginning with his training at the Family Institute of Pinole, where he first encountered a young person and his family struggling with an eating disorder and how family based interventions were so helpful. Later, he began seeing clients who had improved with Family Based Therapy for Anorexia in adolescence, but relapsed during major life changes, which led him to explore the personality-level factors that can make people vulnerable. We discussed how the DSM’s focus on observable symptoms can miss important differences between people with the same diagnosis, such as the perfectionistic, high-achieving presentation of anorexia versus a more under-regulated, borderline presentation. We also talked about binge eating disorder, its link to trauma history, impulsivity, and uncomfortable feelings. Tom shared his work with males, including anorexia in men and muscle dysmorphia, and how obsessive-compulsive features can narrow a person’s focus on their body. We discussed the three stages of FBT and the importance of building a treatment team that includes a physician trained in eating disorders, since weight alone can’t show medical severity. Tom described the need to address refeeding from the start while also doing deeper therapeutic work, and the way therapists can swing between worry about safety and focus on the psychotherapy. We explored the Minnesota starvation experiment and how restriction can act as a numbing agent for hard emotions, and how therapy can help clients turn towards relationships for regulation instead. Tom also discussed working with families from a psychodynamic lens, including transference and countertransference. Finally, he described the framework in his book for parents, which moves from control to connection through three pillars: emotional regulation, emotional attunement, and reflective function, drawn from mentalization and attachment theory. We also touched briefly on ARFID and how different underlying causes require different treatment approaches.

Tom Wooldridge, PsyD, ABPP, CEDS-S, is a psychoanalyst and board-certified, licensed psychologist who is the Vice Provost of Digital Innovation and founding Dean of the school of Psychology at Golden Gate University. He has treated children, adolescents, and adults with eating disorders, including working with parents navigating a child’s treatment. He is a Personal and Supervising Analyst at the Psychoanalytic Institute of Northern California and a Training Analyst at the San Francisco Center for Psychoanalysis, and he serves on the faculty of several psychoanalytic training programs, including the William Alanson White Institute's Eating Disorders, Compulsions, and Addictions program. He has served on the advisory council for the National Eating Disorders Association and has been interviewed by outlets including Newsweek, Slate, and WebMD. His books include Understanding Anorexia Nervosa in Males, the edited volume Psychoanalytic Treatment of Eating Disorders, and Eating Disorders: A Contemporary Introduction. He has also written a novel about the process of psychotherapy, Ghosts of the Unremembered Past. His newest book, End the Food Fight: Replacing Control with Connection to Help Your Child Heal from an Eating Disorder, with a foreword by Susie Orbach, is written for parentsand clinicians. He has a private practice in Berkeley, CA.

In this episode, I speak with Fred Rabinowitz, Ph.D., Professor Emeritus of Psychology at the University of Redlands, about his nearly 40-year career at the intersection of psychology, masculinity, and men's mental health. Fred shares his personal journey, from growing up as the oldest of three boys with a father who was both a traditional male and an artist who encouraged emotional openness and close friendships, to a pivotal experience in first grade when hugging a friend led to being ridiculed. He discusses how that early moment shaped his understanding of how boys are socialized to suppress their emotional lives, shifting from open and affectionate to competitive and emotionally guarded. We discuss how Fred and his colleague Sam Cochran established one of the first university-based therapeutic men's groups at the University of Missouri in 1982, and the critical role that positive older male figures can play as mentors, helping young men feel less alone and creating a constructive cycle of emotional openness. Fred explains that therapy with men requires a different approach given the gender norms they have internalized, emphasizing the importance of entering with empathy and curiosity rather than judgment, building trust, and helping clients reflect on the underlying reasons for their behavior rather than simply naming symptoms. We discuss loss as a primary wound that often brings men into therapy, and how avoidance behaviors such as substance abuse serve as coping mechanisms. Fred describes how intimacy is frequently conflated with sex, and how emotional closeness between men is often perceived as threatening despite being a fundamental human need for connection. He also addresses the post-pandemic cultural landscape, critiquing the manosphere's emphasis on physical appearance and wealth as paths to fulfillment, and the need for greater empathy toward men within feminist movements. Fred shares stories from his latest book, Deepening Group Psychotherapy with Men, which chronicles the group dynamics of ten men in therapy and represents his favorite blend of storytelling and clinical practice. We also discuss Men and Depression, which examines black-and-white thinking, suicide risk, and the emotional disconnection that can leave men uncertain of their own emotional states. The conversation then turns to a forthcoming book on the psychology of poker, co-authored with Darren Elias. Fred recounts how their collaboration began when, as Dean, he mentored a young Darren through academic difficulties stemming from his lucrative online poker play, supporting his transition to a creative writing major. Fred discusses poker as a metaphor for how men conceal their emotions in everyday life, navigating vulnerability and alliance without revealing their hand. We also discuss his upcoming project Strength with Heart, a self-help book and workshop series designed to help men develop self-awareness and reflect on their experiences, and the broader challenge of reconciling strength with emotional openness and compassion.

Fredric E. Rabinowitz, Ph.D. is a Professor Emeritus of Psychology at the University of Redlands, where he taught for nearly 40 years, including courses on the Psychology of Interpersonal Relationships. He earned his Ph.D. in Counseling Psychology from the University of Missouri-Columbia in 1984, where he and his graduate school colleague Sam Cochran co-led one of the first university-based therapeutic men's groups in 1982, a program that continues to this day with a thriving alumni network. Fred has maintained a private practice in Redlands, California, specializing in psychotherapy with men since 1986, including a weekly therapeutic men's group. He is a past president of the Society for the Psychological Study of Men and Masculinities (APA Division 51), having served as president in 2006, and was the lead author of the APA's first-ever Guidelines for Psychological Practice with Boys and Men, a landmark 13-year project. He is the author and co-author of numerous books on male psychology, including Man Alive: A Primer of Men's Issues (1994, with Sam Cochran), Men and Depression: Clinical and Empirical Perspectives (2000, with Sam Cochran), Deepening Psychotherapy with Men (2002, with Sam Cochran), Breaking Barriers in Counseling Men: Insights and Innovations (2014, with Aaron Rochlen), and Deepening Group Psychotherapy with Men: Stories and Insights for the Journey (2019). He is currently working on Strength with Heart, a practical guide to increasing male self-awareness and psychological flexibility, co-authored with Daniel Ellenberg. He is also writing a forthcoming book on the psychological dynamics of poker players, co-authored with Darren Elias. The collaboration grew out of a years-long mentorship relationship that began when Fred, then serving as Dean, guided a young Darren through academic difficulties stemming from his lucrative online poker play. An avid poker player who has competed in the World Series of Poker, Fred draws on that experience to explore how men navigate vulnerability, emotional concealment, and connection in everyday life.

In this episode, I speak with Celine Saulnier, PhD, a clinical psychologist and co-author of the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales, Third Edition, about the evolving science and clinical practice of autism assessment and diagnosis. Celine shares her path from training with M-CHAT developer Deborah Fein, to nearly a decade at the Yale Child Study Center, to directing clinical research at Emory University and the Marcus Autism Center, and finally to founding her own practice. We discuss the two hallmark domains of autism, social communication differences and restricted or repetitive behaviors, and why no single measure can capture the conditions variability across verbal ability, cognitive functioning, and presentation. She describes groundbreaking eye-tracking research showing that divergence from typical social attention emerges as early as six months of age, and research has led to FDA approval of a diagnostic technology called EarliPoint to identify autism in child from this young age up to eight years old. We also discuss the genetics of autism in children, including recurrence risk for siblings and the concept of the “broader autism phenotype,” where family members show subthreshold traits (or shadow traits) that still warrant support. We discussed aspects of autism, including theory of mind, sensory processing differences, and repetitive behaviors, as well as the chronic anxiety, dysregulation, and burnout that can result from navigating a world not built for neurodivergent processing. Celine distinguishes between camouflaging and masking, and discusses how these coping strategies, while adaptive in the short term sense, can be associated with poor mental health outcomes over time. Finally, we explore the range of interventions available across the lifespan, from parent coaching and skill building in early childhood to social skills groups, executive functioning coaching, and life coaching in adulthood.

Celine Saulnier, Ph.D., obtained her doctorate in Clinical Psychology from the University of Connecticut, after which she completed a postdoctoral fellowship and then joined the faculty at the Yale Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine. At Yale, Celine worked closely with Drs. Sara Sparrow and Domenic Cicchetti investigating adaptive behavior profiles in Autism Spectrum Disorders. She became the Training Director and then Clinical Director for the Yale Autism Program, specializing in diagnostic evaluations of individuals with autism and related disorders across the lifespan. In 2011, she relocated to Emory University School of Medicine and the Marcus Autism Center to help develop and direct a large-scale clinical research program. In 2018, she opened her own diagnostic clinic and consulting company, Neurodevelopmental Assessment & Consulting Services (www.nacsatl.com) in Decatur, GA. Celine remains an Adjunct Associate Professor at Emory University, and she conducts national and international trainings to professionals on autism and related disorders. For her teaching, she was awarded the New England Educational Institute Outstanding Educator Award for Mental Health Education. Celine is on the editorial board for the Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, the Scientific Advisory Board of the Autism Science Foundation, and an Emeritus member of the Atlanta Autism Consortium's Board of Directors. In addition to co-authoring the Vineland-3, Celine has published numerous articles in peer-reviewed journals, and she has written two books, Essentials of Autism Spectrum Disorders Evaluation and Assessment and Essentials of Adaptive Behavior Assessment of Neurodevelopmental Disorders.

In this episode, I speak with Julian Ford, Ph.D., A.B.P.P. who discusses his work with PTSD, Complex PTSD, Developmental Trauma Disorder and the T.A.R.G.E.T. Model for treatment. Julian shared that he had started out working as a line staff in a state psychiatric facility, then went on to working with the Veteran’s Administration. He discussed working with Veterans with trauma and seeing that they struggled with much more than just the symptoms of PTSD. He explained that he worked with the National Center for PTSD, which is part of the VA system, then got connected to a Child Psychiatry working group through Darmouth. He shared that they had found that clients diagnosed with ADHD and many with ODD, also had trauma, that was undiagnosed. We discussed what CPTSD is and how the nervous system reactivity is central to the diagnosis. Julian discussed how their model starts with psychoeducation, and explaining to the client they have an “alarm” in their brain, which is what leads to this reactivity. Understanding that can help access the frontal lobe to be able to understand and decrease the reaction to the reactivity. He explained that he works with clients and their nervous systems in various ways, depending on what the client’s entree is, whether it be emotional, cognitive, somatic or other. He shared that the model he uses also helps the person connect to their values, and seeing the values in their stories about past and present events. In reflecting these values to the clients, it helps them to see their self and symptoms having protected them during these times of survival, and they can still live guided by those values, although without the context of threat. He shared that he helps clients to connect with that sense of self that is values driven, which helps to alleviate the trauma narrative that the client is broken, defective, unlovable or other forms of shame. We discussed the difficulties related to sense of self that is part of the CPTSD diagnosis. We also discuss the work from 2000 in identifying trauma in cases of ADHD and ODD, and how the diagnosis of trauma maybe missed sometimes. He shared that it is “both and”, where the child may also have those diagnoses and trauma, although identifying the trauma allows the therapist to bring in trauma informed or trauma focused therapy.

Julian D. Ford, PhD, ABPP, a clinical psychologist, is Professor of Psychiatry at the University of Connecticut School of Medicine, where he is Director of the Center for Trauma Recovery and Juvenile Justice (emeritus) and the Center for the Treatment of Developmental Trauma Disorders. He has served as President of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, is a Fellow of the American Psychological Association and the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, and is Editor of the Journal of Trauma and Dissociation and Associate Editor of the Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities. Julian has published more than 350 articles and book chapters. He is author of Crises in the Psychotherapy Session: Transforming Critical Moments Into Turning Points, coeditor of Treating Complex Traumatic Stress Disorders in Adults, Second Edition, and Treating Complex Traumatic Stress Disorders in Children and Adolescents, and coauthor of Treatment of Complex Trauma: A Sequenced, Relationship-Based Approach. His research focuses on developmental trauma disorder and the Trauma Affect Regulation: Guide for Education and Therapy (TARGET) therapeutic intervention.

In this episode, I speak with Sharon Martin, LCSW, about her clinical work with adults navigating family estrangement and the complex process of deciding whether to limit or cut off contact with parents. Sharon, a psychotherapist with over 25 years of experience, specializes in working with adult children of alcoholics and individuals from dysfunctional family systems. Her work focuses on helping clients process the long term effects of developmental trauma and build healthier, more authentic lives. Sharon explains that many individuals seeking therapy may initially present with concerns such as anxiety, depression, or relationship difficulties, only to discover underlying patterns rooted in early family dynamics. These experiences often include chronic shame, hypervigilance, perfectionism, and a reliance on external validation, factors that can make navigating family relationships particularly challenging in adulthood. A central focus of the conversation is the decision-making process around estrangement. Sharon emphasizes that, contrary to common portrayals, estrangement is rarely a single, definitive event. Instead, it often involves cycles of limited contact, attempts at repair, and periods of withdrawal, as individuals grapple with both the desire for connection and the need for self protection. She highlights the emotional complexity of this process and the importance of allowing clients to determine what level of contact feels appropriate for them. We also discuss the role of boundaries, including how individuals can begin to define what constitutes a healthy relationship, often for the first time. Sharon discusses the importance of recognizing and naming harmful or abusive patterns, while also addressing the internalized beliefs that can make it difficult for individuals to prioritize their own needs. Building self trust, self worth, and a clearer sense of identity are key components of this work. The conversation further examines broader systemic and cultural influences, including family expectations, caregiving roles, financial dependence, and cultural norms around filial responsibility. Sharon acknowledges the additional layers of guilt and pressure that can arise in collectivist contexts or when aging parents require care, and she encourages a more flexible, individualized approach to navigating these responsibilities. Sharon also shares insights from her book, Cutting Ties with Your Parents, which is designed to support individuals who are considering or have already made the decision to distance themselves from their families. The book outlines a three part process: making peace with the decision, healing from both developmental trauma and estrangement related wounds, and moving forward by cultivating healthy relationships and a more authentic sense of self. Finally, we discuss important considerations for clinicians working with this population. Sharon highlights the lack of formal training in this area and underscores the importance of therapists examining their own biases, particularly the tendency to prioritize reconciliation. She emphasizes the need to support client autonomy, respect the pace of the decision making process, and create a space that is validating rather than prescriptive.

Sharon Martin, DSW, LCSW, is a licensed psychotherapist, writer, and speaker with over 25 years of clinical experience. She specializes in working with adult children of alcoholics and individuals from dysfunctional family systems, helping them heal from developmental trauma and build healthier relationships. Sharon is the author of Cutting Ties with Your Parents, a therapeutic guide designed to support adults navigating family estrangement. Her work integrates a range of approaches, including cognitive behavioral therapy, family systems theory, and trauma informed care, with an emphasis on self compassion and empowerment.