Working for the Word - a Bible translation podcast

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For centuries the Jews pronounced the name of God without hesitation. This was their original tradition. As we have seen from the biblical witness, there is no evidence of avoidance until very late in the canonical timeline. Nor do we find any hint of reverent substitutions for the Name in the Hebrew Bible. In short, the most significant period of Israel’s early history is marked by the use of the divine name in different contexts without reservation. The golden era of David and Solomon saw no limitation on the pronunciation of the Name.
Therefore, we must not forget that it was the Jews themselves who began a longstanding tradition of saying and singing God’s name. Today, when we view the later tradition of the Jews concerning the avoidance of the Name, it is only logical to keep in mind that it is a secondary tradition without the same weight of antiquity, authenticity, primacy, and proximity to Yahweh’s special presence. Indeed, it is only one of two Jewish traditions. Thus, to uphold the pronunciation of the Name is to do no less than honor and uphold an ancient Jewish tradition sanctioned by the most esteemed men in the Hebrew Bible.  

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Was the New Testament unique in its use of kurios, and what did people do with the divine name after the apostles? As we will see, vocalization continued to be avoided by some, while others sought to recover its original pronunciation or use it in various ways (such as in magic spells). From what follows it willbecome evident that confusion and chaos around God’s name dominated in late antiquity. This window of history can border on the bizarre, and the listener will be forgiven for skipping this section if it proves tedious.  

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⁠⁠Get the free book.Any discussion regarding the pronunciation of the divine name must address the issue of the use of κύριος (kurios, “Lord”) by the New Testament. The fact that the NT neveruses God’s personal name as revealed in the Old Testament, or even an approximation of it, is crucial.

Indeed, why did the NT authors choose to do this? Was itbecause they thought God’s name was too sacred to write out in Greek transliteration and feared God’s judgment if they did so? Or, had its pronunciation already been forgotten to history? Were they afraid that the Jews might be angry about it? Or, was it some other reason(s)? The writers never tell us why. We are left grapple with the issue as “through a glass, darkly.”⁠⁠⁠⁠website⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ | ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠books⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ | ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠twitter⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ |⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ music⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ |⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠Hebrew ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠| ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠articles⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ | ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠facebook⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ | ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠contact⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ | ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠download all episodes for offline

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It’s important to recognize right up front that we simply do not know with absolute certainty how God’s name was originally pronounced. The common English pronunciation of Yahweh is an educated guess, and there are many other probable candidates such as Yahu, Yaho, and Yahuwah, but we’ll never know for sure how it sounded when God spoke it to Moses.

Two key things prevent us from knowing: (1) Hebrew was written without vowels for many centuries, so we’re left with only four consonants: YHWH, and (2) people started avoiding the pronunciation of God’s name long before Hebrew began to be written with vowels. And when the Hebrew Bible was finally written with vowels, artificial vowels were inserted into the spelling of God’s name in order to keep people from pronouncing it. So, in this chapter we’ll try to understand why—why did the Israelites go from swearing by Yahweh’s name, using it in prayer, song, and greetings to forbidding its use altogether?

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The Old Testament uses a personal name for God, often called the Tetragrammaton. In Hebrew it is יהוה, and commonly rendered as “Jehovah,” “YHWH,” or “Yahweh.” Yet many modern translations replace this name with a title: “the LORD.” This choice carries inevitable consequences. Removing or hiding the divine name in translation is not a trivial stylistic decision, but a substantial alteration, affecting thousands of occurrences. One of the reasons translations have done this is that, after the Hebrew Bible was written, a Jewish tradition arose, forbidding the vocalization of God’s name. The history of Bible translation reflects the triumph of this tradition.

Generally, the goal of Bible translation is fidelity to the source text, conveying what the authors actually wrote. In the case of names, the usual practice is to transliterate them, preserving an approximation of the proper name in the target language, using that language’s phonetic inventory. This is done for all names in the Bible (David, Jerusalem, Sarah, etc.), except for the divine name. From the standpoint of historical and textual accuracy, no other feature of the biblical text has received the same systematic concealment. The result is that many English readers do not even realize God has a personal name. Generations have come and gone hearing “the LORD” as if it were God’s actual name. And I was no exception.
Literature on the divine name often overlooks one simple question: what is God’s desire concerning his name? History and traditions fade in comparison to this question. And the Bible indeed reveals what God wants with explicit clarity. Thus, we begin with his instruction revealed to Moses in Exodus 3:15 to frame everything else in this book:
“Say this to the people of Israel, ‘YHWH (יהוה), the God of your fathers, the God of Abraham, the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob, has sent me to you.’ This is my name forever, and thus I am to be remembered throughout all generations.”
Let’s look at this verse in detail.

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