Reason with Science

• Vaccines, Longevity and The future of health with John Tregoning | Reason with Science | Health

  This episode is with John Tregoning, a leading expert in infectious diseases, professor at Imperial College London, and author of the books “Live Forever?” and Infectious. John’s work focuses on how our immune systems fight off disease and how scientific advances can help us live not just longer, but healthier lives. In this episode, we break down the science behind ageing and talk about the growing role of vaccines, lifestyle, and cutting-edge technologies like AI, gene editing, and immunotherapy in transforming how we think about health. We also touch on some big-picture questions like What are the ethical and social implications of radically extended lifespans? And what can we do right now to stack the odds in our favor for a longer, more vibrant life?Guests infoWebsite: https://profiles.imperial.ac.uk/john.tregoningX: https://x.com/drtregoningEpisode links: Website: https://reasonwithscience.com/vaccines-longevity-and-the-future-of-health-with-john-tregoningYoutube: https://youtu.be/x1-9zESxap0?si=nqAHKe27m1xX0HjLSpotify: https://open.spotify.com/episode/6wSu03Fd1xkAzVmsMuMZg5?si=ng_0KpqXRiinG7vKfvbfIQApple podcast: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/vaccines-longevity-and-the-future-of-health/id1641776894?i=1000716957739YouTube music: https://music.youtube.com/watch?v=x1-9zESxap0&si=TU37R8zkoJoXgt8GFollow Reason with Science: Website: https://www.reasonwithscience.com/ Youtube: https://www.youtube.com/@ReasonwithScience Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/5qFLGsPWjL4GAGidmF2nKh Apple podcast: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/reason-with-science/id1641776894YouTube music: https://music.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLila1Jm-QEwKu4xXtNpYFAsSDmPR9mlZB&si=5ehXeZhZ-z181G5bTimestamps:00:00:00 - Introduction to John Tregoning and the podcast00:01:26 - Scientific method and how we establish facts00:03:59 - How vaccines are developed, tested, and approved00:09:09 - What is aging? Biological and evolutionary insights00:11:22 - Healthspan vs. lifespan: Why quality matters00:13:44 - Infectious diseases and the immune system's role00:20:07 - Biology's complexity: Genes, environment, and unknowns00:23:22 - The immune system: Strengths, complexity, and risks00:29:08 - Microbiome and its influence on health00:34:06 - Chronic diseases: Heart disease, cancer, and dementia00:44:39 - Genetic predispositions and the limits of DNA testing00:50:00 - Obesity, diet, diabetes, and ultra-processed food00:57:03 - Technology in health: Wearables, data, gene editing01:06:05 - Lifestyle interventions for healthy aging01:07:52 - The importance of social connection for longevity01:13:39 - Public health policy and environmental factors01:16:21 - Ethical implications of radical life extension01:17:40 - Final thoughts: Prevention, trust in science, and living well

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• The Physics of Living Systems with Chris Kempes | Reason with Science | Emergence | Evolution

  This episode is with Chris Kempes, a professor at the Santa Fe Institute working at the fascinating intersection of physics and biology. Chris joins us to talk about some of the most profound questions about life starting from fundamental definitions to exploring life's potential multiple origins guided by the laws of physics. Join us as we explore the role of energy landscapes in Prebiotic chemistry, the physical basis of microbial behaviors, scaling laws that govern life's metabolic patterns, and how collective behaviors emerge in multicellular organisms. Let's embark on a journey to rethink life's mysteries through the lens of physics.Guests info:Website: https://chriskempes.com/Chris_Kempes/Home.htmlEpisode links: Website: https://reasonwithscience.com/the-physics-of-living-system-with-chris-kempesYoutube: https://youtu.be/2rvJoa31-KI?si=TBAngZ5ZvgK3DoHCSpotify: https://open.spotify.com/episode/2NSmBsJWfp7l5ZJMaxRVsv?si=0ceaa05de2964ecbApple podcast: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-physics-of-living-system-with-chris-kempes/id1641776894?i=1000705041814YouTube music: https://music.youtube.com/watch?v=2rvJoa31-KI&si=8jyG5q4MTQDiC7OvFollow Reason with Science: Website:⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠https://www.reasonwithscience.com/⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠Youtube: ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠https://www.youtube.com/@ReasonwithScienceSpotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/5qFLGsPWjL4GAGidmF2nKh Apple podcast: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/reason-with-science/id1641776894 YouTube music: https://music.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLila1Jm-QEwKu4xXtNpYFAsSDmPR9mlZB&si=5ehXeZhZ-z181G5bTimestamps:00:00:00 – Introduction to the Podcast00:00:24 – Chris Kempes and The Intersection of Physics and Biology00:01:20 – The Role of Definitions in Science00:03:59 – Merging Physics and Biology00:05:01 – Easy vs. Hard Questions in Science00:07:20 – What is Life? Defining the Undefined00:09:25 – Language as a Living System00:10:57 – Are Viruses Alive? 00:17:45 – "Livingness" as a Spectrum00:19:03 – Scaling Laws in Biology00:24:17 – Multiple Origins of Life00:26:01 – The Error Threshold in Evolution00:31:29 – Scientific Method as Evolution00:34:01 – Unifying Ecology, Origins, and Astrobiology00:45:00 – Convergent Evolution and Physical Constraints01:36:30 – Building Life in the Lab & Theories That Guide Us#reasonwithscience #podcast #biology

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• The Art and Craft of Science with Kenneth Catania | Reason with Science | Scientific method

  This episode is with Kenneth Catania, a neuroscientist and biologist at Vanderbilt University in Nashville, Tennessee. His work has illuminated the fascinating sensory worlds of species like star-nosed moles, electric eels, and the emerald jewel wasp. Science is often thought of as a rigid, methodical pursuit, but in reality, it thrives on creativity, intuition, and the ability to recognize patterns in chaos. In this episode, we dive into the "grammar" of science, the puzzle-solving nature of discovery, and the ways in which attention, technology, and unexpected anomalies shape breakthroughs. From paradigm shifts to high-voltage eels, we explore what it truly means to think like a scientist—and why the entire scientific endeavor is important for humanity.Guests info:Website: https://as.vanderbilt.edu/catanialab/Books on Amazon: https://shorturl.at/LrTbEEpisode links: Website: https://reasonwithscience.com/the-art-and-craft-of-science-with-kenneth-cataniaYoutube:https://youtu.be/BmV8y4iRuvwSpotify: https://open.spotify.com/episode/1jxmbRdmDo8nr3iGwVq8w5?si=487106e179404a6fApple podcast: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-art-and-craft-of-science-with-kenneth/id1641776894?i=1000700376415YouTube music: https://music.youtube.com/watch?v=BmV8y4iRuvw&si=RYFW4r-C13H6yrx5Follow Reason with Science: Website:⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠https://www.reasonwithscience.com/⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠Youtube: ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠https://www.youtube.com/@ReasonwithScienceSpotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/5qFLGsPWjL4GAGidmF2nKh Apple podcast: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/reason-with-science/id1641776894 YouTube music: https://music.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLila1Jm-QEwKu4xXtNpYFAsSDmPR9mlZB&si=5ehXeZhZ-z181G5bTimestamps:00:00:00 – Intro: Why Science Is Both Creative and Crucial00:02:14 – What is neuroethology? The bridge between brains and behavior00:05:01 – Evolution’s extremes: Why strange animals are scientific gold00:07:27 – The real story behind scientific discovery00:10:03 – Science’s hidden stage: Where ideas actually come from00:11:01 – Why science changes – and why that’s a strength00:13:00 – Why revising experiments is like revising writing00:14:56 – Hidden histories: How experiments evolve like species00:20:01 – Obsession leads to insight: How puzzles capture our focus00:23:01 – Electric eels: Evolution’s living tasers00:29:30 – Anatomy of horror: Jewel wasp eats heart and lungs first00:31:02 – Art as a path to science: The surprising power of images00:41:01 – Scientific method: Bringing together Popper, Kuhn and chaos00:46:30 – The role of clarity in discovering facts00:47:58 – Science as a culture of truth-seeking00:53:01 – Science is everywhere: Even in your light switches00:55:52 – The unspoken reality of failure in science1:04:30 – Why scientists are humans, not robots in lab coats1:07:00 – Scientists don’t fit in a box – and that’s a good thing1:08:30 – Why scientific papers don’t tell the whole story1:09:05 – Success in science: What it really looks like1:10:46 – What makes a good scientist? Passion, curiosity, and persistence1:17:01 – Nurturing curiosity: Letting students follow what excites them1:19:53 – Hard work, passion, and science#reasonwithscience #podcast #biology

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• How animals evolved with Iñaki Ruiz-Trillo | Reason with Science | Evolution | Multicellularity

  This episode is with Iñaki Ruiz-Trillo, whose research sheds light on one of the most fundamental transitions in the history of life—the evolution of multicellularity. Iñaki is a group leader at the Institute of Evolutionary Biology in Barcelona, where he investigates how unicellular organisms gave rise to complex multicellular life. Our conversation explores the deep evolutionary forces that shaped this transition, the role of cooperation and cell differentiation, and what studying the ancestors of animals can teach us about life’s complexity. We also discuss broader questions about biological organization, individuality, and the very nature of what it means to be a multicellular being.Guests info:Website: https://multicellgenome.com/X: https://x.com/multicellgenomeEpisode links: Website: https://reasonwithscience.com/how-animals-evolved-with-inaki-ruiz-trilloYoutube: https://youtu.be/DgVuuAnYZpY?si=aH4Ti4uiomMaGW6dSpotify: https://open.spotify.com/episode/054J6Lj4xqvw7h3oNzAis1?si=Ad4rVvgSRTumw_BwPaLSlQApple podcast: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/how-animals-evolved-with-i%C3%B1aki-ruiz-trillo-reason/id1641776894?i=1000697174412YouTube music: https://music.youtube.com/watch?v=DgVuuAnYZpY&si=cCfR2juq00UjCfKCFollow Reason with Science: Website: https://www.reasonwithscience.com/ Youtube: https://www.youtube.com/@ReasonwithScience Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/5qFLGsPWjL4GAGidmF2nKh Apple podcast: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/reason-with-science/id1641776894 YouTube music: https://music.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLila1Jm-QEwKu4xXtNpYFAsSDmPR9mlZB&si=5ehXeZhZ-z181G5bTimestamps:00:00:00 - Introduction 00:00:20 - Evolution of multicellularity with Iñaki Ruiz-Trillo 00:02:54 - Why compare animals with unicellular relatives? 00:05:11 - What defines multicellularity? 00:09:07 - Studying unicellular ancestors of animals 00:14:19 - Convergent vs. homologous evolution 00:22:26 - Why did multicellularity evolve? 00:27:53 - What did the first animals look like? 00:30:55 - Bilateral symmetry and its impact 00:33:27 - Predation, competition, and cooperation in evolution 00:39:09 - Comparing different multicellular lineages 00:52:22 - Searching for new unicellular relatives 01:03:30 - Experimenting with multicellular growth 01:07:08 - Can we fully understand the origin of animals? 01:09:47 - Closing remarks

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• Genetics and the Brain with Kevin Mitchell | Reason with Science | Evolution | Neuroscience

  This episode is with Kevin Mitchell. He is an associate professor of Genetics and Neuroscience at Trinity College Dublin, where he investigates how genetic variations influence neural wiring, cognition, and conditions like autism and schizophrenia. Kevin is also the author of Innate: How the Wiring of Our Brains Shapes Who We Are and Free Agents: How Evolution Gave Us Free Will. Here, we discuss the laws of biology and the nature of free will. Kevin also shares insights on agency as a defining feature of life, the meaning of self, and the evolution of perception.Guests info:Website: https://www.kjmitchell.com/X: https://x.com/WiringTheBrainEpisode links: Website: https://reasonwithscience.com/genetic-and-the-brain-with-kevin-mitchellYoutube: https://youtu.be/eOyNWCjBuQc?si=Nz09vBN0mCFN8nuFSpotify: https://open.spotify.com/episode/4HVcFuG48HLu4T92aXflLM?si=a68eee4f113e4aeeApple podcast: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/genetics-and-the-brain-with-kevin-mitchell/id1641776894?i=1000692566036YouTube music: https://music.youtube.com/watch?v=eOyNWCjBuQc&si=AMWPfTZthe8zS5tEFollow Reason with Science: Website: https://www.reasonwithscience.com/ Youtube: https://www.youtube.com/@ReasonwithScience Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/5qFLGsPWjL4GAGidmF2nKh Apple podcast: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/reason-with-science/id1641776894 YouTube music: https://music.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLila1Jm-QEwKu4xXtNpYFAsSDmPR9mlZB&si=5ehXeZhZ-z181G5bTimestamps:00:00:00 Introduction00:01:55 Biology vs. Chemistry and Physics00:04:02 Reductionism in Science00:16:09 Emergence and Evolution00:26:59 Free Will Discussion00:41:42 Cognition and System Irreducibility00:44:03 Genetics and Psychological Predispositions00:55:17 Complexity of Interactions01:04:39 Engineering Free Will01:07:38 Social Impacts of Free Will01:11:53 Long-term Free Will and Decisions

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