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國際時事跟讀 Ep. L178: 日圓重貶，日銀騎虎難下 Yen Slides to 160, BOJ Signals It Is Watching

Highlights 主題摘要
BOJ Governor Ueda told parliament on March 30 that yen movements have a "huge impact" on Japan's economy, signalling growing pressure for faster rate hikes.
The BOJ held rates at 0.75% in March, but oil-driven inflation is pushing household costs up five to seven percent year-on-year, narrowing its room to wait.
Japanese overseas travel in 2024 recovered to just 13 million departures — still a third below pre-pandemic levels — as the weak yen keeps foreign trips out of reach.

For Japan, the currency market has become the fulcrum of economic debate. On March 30, Bank of Japan Governor Kazuo Ueda told parliament that foreign exchange movements have a "huge impact" on the country's economy and prices — the clearest signal yet that yen weakness is no longer a peripheral concern but a primary driver of monetary policy. The yen briefly touched 160.27 to the dollar on March 28, its weakest since July 2024, when authorities had previously intervened to arrest the currency's slide. Tokyo's Vice Finance Minister Atsushi Mimura warned of growing speculative activity, while Finance Minister Satsuki Katayama stated the government stood ready to take "bold actions."

日圓匯率問題，已成為日本當前經濟辯論的核心議題。3月30日，日銀行長植田和男在國會表示，外匯市場的波動對日本的經濟與物價走勢有「巨大影響」，這是迄今最直接的信號，顯示日圓疲軟已不再是次要問題，而是貨幣政策的主要考量。日圓在3月28日一度觸及1美元兌160.27日圓，創下2024年7月以來新低，當年當局曾進場干預，壓制日圓跌勢。財務省副大臣三村淳表示對外匯市場投機交易升溫的憂慮，財務大臣片山皋月則聲明政府已準備好採取「大膽行動」。

The structural cause remains a stubbornly wide interest rate differential. After ending its negative interest rate regime in March 2024, the BOJ raised borrowing costs cautiously, taking a gradualist path to 0.75%. But with the US Federal Reserve keeping rates elevated, the gap remains vast. Investors routinely borrow cheaply in yen and deploy capital into higher-yielding assets elsewhere — the carry trade — putting the yen under persistent selling pressure.

日圓長期走軟的結構性根源，在於日本與其他主要經濟體之間長期懸殊的利差。日銀於2024年3月結束負利率政策後，已逐步將利率調升至0.75%，但美國聯準會為壓制通膨而維持高利率，兩者之間的利差依然顯著。投資人持續以低廉成本借入日圓，將資金配置到海外收益率更高的資產，形成所謂的套利交易，持續壓低市場對日圓的需求。

Urgency sharpened in 2026 as surging oil prices, driven by the Middle East conflict, compounded the inflationary effect on import costs. At the March meeting, at least one BOJ board member called for rate hikes "without hesitation." Ueda told parliament the bank would "guide policy appropriately" by scrutinising how currency moves affect its forecasts. Markets now price a two-in-three chance of a hike to 1% as soon as May — the first aggressive tightening cycle Japan has seen in decades.

進入2026年後，局勢明顯更加緊迫。中東衝突帶動油價飆升，進一步放大日圓貶值對進口成本的推升效應。在3月政策會議上，至少一位委員主張，只要經濟情勢未見明顯惡化，就應「毫不猶豫」升息。植田和男在國會答詢時表示，日銀將評估匯率波動對成長與物價預測的影響，「適當引導政策方向」。市場目前預估，日銀最快在5月升息至1%的機率約達三分之二，若成真，將是日本數十年來首次連續緊縮的升息週期。

For ordinary households, the toll is concrete. Overseas travel by Japanese citizens recovered to only 13 million departures in 2024 — still roughly a third below 2019's 20.1 million — as the weak currency renders foreign trips prohibitively expensive. Food and utility bills are climbing five to seven percent year-on-year. A depreciating yen, it turns out, is anything but abstract: it erodes purchasing power with every paycheck and every trip to the supermarket.

對一般家庭而言，日圓貶值的代價早已不是紙上數字。2024年日本出境旅遊人次僅回升至約1,300萬，較2019年的2,010萬仍少了約三分之一，疲軟的日圓讓海外旅行對許多人來說愈來愈難以負擔。食品與電費支出年增幅更達5至7%。日圓持續貶值，說到底就是每個月領薪水、每次去超市採購時，默默縮水的購買力。

Keyword Drills 關鍵字
Gradualist [adjective, describing a slow, step-by-step approach to policy change]: The BOJ's gradualist approach has drawn criticism from market watchers.
Carry trade [noun phrase, borrowing in a low-interest currency to invest in higher-yielding assets elsewhere]: Low rates make the yen a popular carry trade funding currency.
Selling pressure [noun phrase, sustained market demand to sell an asset, driving its price lower]: The yen has been under constant selling pressure for months.
Inflationary [adjective, causing or related to a general rise in prices]: Surging oil costs have had a clear inflationary effect on household bills.
Tightening cycle [noun phrase, a period in which a central bank raises interest rates consecutively to curb inflation]: Markets are bracing for Japan's first tightening cycle in decades.

Reference article:
1. https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/boj-watching-fx-movement-factor-affecting-economy-governor-ueda-says-2026-03-30/
2. https://tw.stock.yahoo.com/share/5e3c1e6b-ddb1-3244-9979-1bc5f8c68e22
3. https://www.cnn.com/2024/05/03/economy/japan-declining-yen-shortcake-travel-intl-hnk

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Smart Crib' Aims to Help Rockabye Baby

As every new parent knows, sleep can go out the window after the arrival of a newborn.
如每對剛生孩子的爸媽所知，新生兒到來後，再也沒有夜夜好眠。

That was certainly the case for parents Radhika and Bharath Patil, who seeking relief for their own disrupted sleep patterns, put their electronic engineering backgrounds together to create a "smart crib."
這確實就是拉德西卡和巴拉特‧帕蒂爾的狀況，這對父母正在補救自身混亂的睡眠模式，結合他們的電子工程背景，創造了一個「智慧嬰兒床」。

Their crib, powered by artificial intelligence, combines a baby monitor, rocker, bassinet and crib in one.
他們把一台嬰兒監視器、弧形搖桿、搖籃和嬰兒床合而為一，由人工智慧來驅動嬰兒床。

"It's not the amount of work around the baby that tires the parents, it's the lack of sleep," Radhika Patil, Cradlewise chief executive, told Reuters in an interview.
「智慧搖籃」執行長拉德西卡‧帕蒂爾在訪問中告訴路透，「並非圍繞著嬰兒的工作量累到父母，而是睡眠不足。」

Early detection is key, she said, adding that the sooner parents can detect the baby waking up, the easier it is to get the child to fall back asleep.
她說，早期偵測是關鍵，並補充指出，父母越早發現嬰兒醒來，就越容易讓他們的孩子再度入睡。

"Once you put the baby in, the crib takes care of everything. That's the aim," Bharath Patil said.
巴拉特‧帕蒂爾說，「只要把嬰兒放進去，嬰兒床就顧好每件事。這就是目的。」

New Thoughts on the Math of Effective Baby Talk

It has been nearly 20 years since a landmark education study found that, by age 3, children from low-income families have heard 30 million fewer words than more affluent children, putting them at an educational disadvantage before they have begun school.
將近20年前，一項具有里程碑意義的教育研究發現，低收入戶兒童到了3歲時，已比家庭較富裕的兒童少聽到3000萬個字彙，以致就學前即已處於教育上的劣勢。

Now, a growing body of research is challenging the notion that merely exposing poor children to more language is enough to overcome the deficits they face. The quality of the communication between children and their parents and caregivers, the researchers say, is of much greater importance than the number of words a child hears.
如今，越來越多的研究向此一觀念提出挑戰，不認為光是讓貧窮兒童暴露於更多語言，就能克服他們所面對的不足。這些研究人員指出，兒童與父母及看顧者之間的溝通品質，遠比兒童聽到多少字彙來得重要。

A study presented last month at a White House conference on "bridging the word gap" found that among 2-year-olds from low-income families, quality interactions involving words — the use of shared symbols ("Look, a dog!"); rituals ("Want a bottle after your bath?"); and conversational fluency ("Yes, that is a bus!") — were a far better predictor of language skills at age 3 than any other factor.
上月在白宮「縮小字彙差距」會議中發表的一項研究結果發現，對2歲的低收入戶兒童而言，和字彙相關的優質互動，例如使用共通的符號（「看哪，一隻狗！」）；固定程序（「洗完澡想喝瓶奶？」）；流暢的對話（「是的，這是一輛公車！」），在預測3歲兒童語言技巧方面，是遠勝於其他因素的更好指標。

"It's not just about shoving words in," said Kathryn Hirsh-Pasek, a professor of psychology at Temple University in Philadelphia and lead author of the study. "It's about having these fluid conversations around shared rituals and objects, like pretending to have morning coffee together or using the banana as a phone."
費城天普大學心理學教授、該研究報告主要作者凱瑟琳．赫許─巴塞克說：「它不光是塞進字彙而已，它與圍繞著共有的固定程序和物件的流暢對話有關，例如佯裝一起喝晨間咖啡，或是拿香蕉當電話打。」

In a related finding, published in April, researchers who observed 11- and 14-month-old children in their homes found that the prevalence of one-on-one interactions and frequent use of parentese — the slow, high-pitched voice commonly used for talking to babies — were reliable predictors of language ability at age 2. The total number of words had no correlation with future ability.
四月發表的一項相關研究中，研究人員觀察11個月和14個月大孩子在家中的生活情形，發現經常一對一互動，以及頻繁使用「父母語」，也就是父母常用的，對嬰兒說話的那種緩慢、高音調聲音，是2歲兒童語言能力的可靠預測指標。字彙的總數量與兒童的未來能力無關。

Even the 1995 study that introduced the notion of the 30-million-word gap, conducted by the University of Kansas psychologists Betty Hart and Todd R. Risley, found that parental tone, responsiveness and use of symbols affected a child's I.Q. and vocabulary.
引進3000萬字彙差距概念的那項研究發表於1995年，由堪薩斯大學心理學家貝蒂．哈特和陶德．Ｒ．里斯利所完成，即使那項研究也發現，父母的語氣、反應和符號的使用，對兒童的智商高低和詞彙多寡均有影響。

But this year's studies are the first time researchers have compared the impact of word quantity with quality of communication.
不過，今年的研究，是研究人員首次將字彙數量和溝通品質的影響作比較。

For the new study, Dr. Hirsh-Pasek and colleagues selected 60 low-income 3-year-olds with varying degrees of language proficiency from a long-term study of 1,300 children from birth to age 15.
在新研究中，赫許─巴塞克和同事，在參與一項從出生到15歲長期研究的1300名兒童中，挑選出60名3歲的低收入戶兒童，語言能力程度各不相同。

The quality of communication accounted for 27 percent of variation in expressive language skills one year later, Dr. Hirsh-Pasek said.
赫許─巴塞克說，1年後，優質溝通占表達語言技巧差異的27％。

But those who urge parents to talk to their children more say increased quantity of language inevitably leads to better quality. Anne Fernald, a developmental psychologist at Stanford University in California, said, "When you learn to talk more, you tend to speak in more diverse ways and elaborate more, and that helps the child's cognitive development."
但是，那些呼籲家長多跟自己孩子說話的專家表示，提高語言數量，定會帶來更高的品質。加州史丹福大學發展心理學家安妮．費納德說：「當你學會說得更多時，你會以更多樣、更複雜的方式說話，這有助兒童的認知發展。」

Still, Ann O'Leary, director of Too Small to Fail, a joint effort of the nonprofit Next Generation and the Bill, Hillary & Chelsea Clinton Foundation that focuses on closing the word gap, acknowledged that messages to parents could do more to emphasize quality. "When we're doing these campaigns to close the word gap, they do capture the imagination, they do get people understanding that we do need to do a lot more talking," she said. "But we also need to be more mindful that part of what we need to do is model what that talking looks like."
「小到不能失敗」計畫負責人安．奧利里說，在提供給家長的訊息上，確實可多強調質。「小到不能失敗」由非營利組織「下一代」和「比爾、希拉蕊、雀兒喜．柯林頓基金會」共同設置，致力於縮小兒童字彙差距。她說：「當我們從事縮小兒童字彙差距努力時，它確實引起我們注意，它也讓人們理解，我們確實需要多說點話。但我們同時需要更注意的是，在我們必須從事的工作中，有一部分是提供那種談話的模範，那種談話中該有的東西。」
Source: https://paper.udn.com/udnpaper/POH0067/269227/web/#2L-5280944L

Scientists Identify Ancient Baby Bottles — and Some Are Really Cute

Ceramic vessels, sometimes fashioned in whimsical animal forms, were used thousands of years ago as baby bottles to feed infants animal milk, according to scientists, offering an intriguing look at how and what infants were fed in prehistoric times.
科學家指出，數千年前的人類有時會把陶製容器塑造成異想天開的動物形狀，將它們作為奶瓶使用，餵嬰兒喝動物的乳汁。這項發現提供一個有趣的觀點，讓人一窺史前時代人類如何、又是用什麼來餵食嬰兒。

Archaeologists said on Sept. 25 they confirmed the function of these ceramic objects by finding chemical traces of milk belonging to animals such as cows, sheep and goats in three such items found buried in child graves in Germany.
考古學家在九月二十五日表示，他們在埋入德國兒童墳墓裡面的三個同類型物件中，發現殘留動物乳汁的化學痕跡──包括母牛、綿羊、山羊等──因此確認了這些陶製物品的用途。

The oldest of the three vessels described in the study was made between 2,800 and 3,200 years ago during the Bronze Age. Other similar objects dating back as far as about 7,000 years ago during Neolithic times have been found in various other locations, the researchers said.
在研究描述的三個容器中，年代最早的製造於兩千八百年前到三千兩百年前的青銅器時代。研究人員指出，其他許多地點都曾經發現類似的物件，最遠可追溯到大約七千年前的新石器時期。

"I think this has provided us the first direct evidence of what foods babies were eating or being weaned on in prehistory," said biomolecular archaeologist Julie Dunne of the University of Bristol in the UK and lead author of the study, published in the journal Nature. "I think this shows us the love and care these prehistoric people had for their babies."
該篇研究發表於期刊《自然》，主要作者為英國布里斯托大學的生物分子考古學家茱莉‧鄧恩，她表示：「我認為這項發現提供第一手直接證據，顯示史前時代的小寶寶吃什麼食物，或是用什麼食物斷奶。」她也指出：「我想，這項發現也向我們展現這些史前時代人類對小嬰兒的愛與關懷。」

These objects, little enough to fit into a baby's hands, served as vessels for milk, with a narrow spout for the baby to suckle liquid. While the three objects examined for the study were somewhat plain, others boasted lively shapes including animal heads with long ears or horns and human-looking feet.
這些物件小到能夠放進嬰兒的小手中，是用來盛裝奶水的容器，瓶身上附有一個狹長的壺嘴，讓小寶寶能夠從中吸吮液體。雖然研究檢驗用的三個物件外觀稍嫌平淡無奇，但其他同類陶器形狀卻相當生動，有著動物的頭，附著長長的耳朵或是犄角，以及像人類的腳。

"I find them incredibly cute. And prehistoric people may have thought so, too — they would certainly have a dual function of entertaining the children just like modern stuffed animals," said archaeologist Katharina Rebay-Salisbury of the Austrian Academy of Sciences' Institute for Oriental and European Archaeology, and a co-author of the study. "They testify to the creativity and playfulness we often forget to attribute to our ancestors."
研究的共同作者、奧地利科學院東方與歐洲考古研究所的考古學家凱瑟琳娜‧雷貝─索爾斯伯里表示：「我覺得這些陶器難以置信地可愛。而且搞不好史前的人們也是這樣覺得──這些陶器很可能還具備另一項娛樂小孩的雙重功能，就像是現代的填充玩具。」她補充說：「這些陶器證實老祖先們具備的創意和愛開玩笑的個性，那都是我們經常忘記的。」

Life at the time was not easy, Rebay-Salisbury added, with many people living in unhygienic conditions, experiencing famine and disease and facing low life expectancy. During the Bronze Age and subsequent Iron Age in Europe, perhaps about a third of all newborns died before their first birthday and only about half of children reached adulthood, Rebay-Salisbury said.
雷貝─索爾斯伯里還指出，當時的生活並不容易，原因在於許多人都居住在不衛生的環境中、遭受饑荒與疾病，還要面臨很短的預期壽命。她表示，在青銅器時代以及接下來的鐵器時代，歐洲地區可能有大約三分之一的新生兒在一歲之前死亡，而且大概只有一半的小孩能夠順利長大成人。

These feeding vessels may have made life easier for mothers, as animal milk could substitute for breastfeeding, the researchers said. "Duties of mothering — amongst which feeding is an important one — can also be undertaken by other members of the community when children are fed with feeding vessels," Rebay-Salisbury said.
研究人員表示，這些餵食用的容器會讓母親們的生活輕鬆一些，因為動物的乳汁可以代替親餵母乳。雷貝─索爾斯伯里指出：「當小孩可以用器具餵食的時候，為人母的諸多責任──其中，最重要的一項是餵食嬰兒──也就可以由部落的其他成員接手幫忙。」
Source: http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/lang/archives/2019/10/06/2003723440

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學英文一定要很痛苦才有效?小時候老師說「不努力就不會進步」,長大後變成「不加班老闆會覺得我不認真」。結果每天逼自己念英文念到舌頭打結,反而越學越抗拒。

這集要聊一本打破這個迷思的書:《Effortless》。作者是哈佛MBA的Greg McKeown,他說重點不是不努力,是用對力氣。就像在台北捷運上通勤學英文,不用坐在書桌前硬K兩小時,15分鐘聽podcast照樣有效。

John老師現在煮咖啡煮到不用想就自動完成,而且還很好喝。這就是effortless state。學英文也可以這樣。

你中了幾個?
在台灣職場待久了,這些想法是不是很熟悉?
加班到九點才敢離開辦公室,因為怕主管覺得你不認真。週末還在回工作訊息,不然好像沒盡責。學英文也一樣,逼自己每天念一小時,念到很煩還是硬撐,因為覺得「沒有痛苦就沒有收穫」。
阿鍵老師說他從小就被教:「有價值的事情要花很多力氣去完成,搞得自己很累才對。」長大後變成「我一定要加班,老闆才會覺得我認真。」
但活得這麼辛苦,真的有意思嗎?

問題出在哪?
John老師點出盲點:「你覺得pain要到100分,gain才會100分。問題是你在處理pain就已經消耗掉很多能量,能量根本沒有放在gain上面。」
就像你在竹科上班已經很累了,晚上回家還逼自己念英文念到很痛苦。結果能量都在對抗「好煩不想念」這個情緒,根本沒力氣吸收東西。
John老師說:「你覺得學英語的時候像是在被處罰,這就很明顯不對了。」
這本書要說的不是不努力,是不要蠻幹。用對力氣。

Effortless的三個層次
怎麼做到輕鬆學英文?三個層次

先搞定你的狀態
運動員說的「進入zone」、藝術家說的「心流狀態」,其實學英文也需要。不是每天硬逼自己,是先把情緒垃圾清掉。
在台北捷運上通勤,擠得要死心情很煩,這時候硬要聽英文podcast效果不好。但如果你坐著剛好有位子,窗外風景不錯,這時候聽就很順。狀態對了,吸收就快。

跟讀不用硬撐
John老師建議:「如果我一開始只習慣念兩行,念了兩行就覺得有點吃力,那我就停了。不要硬撐說要念十行,把自己逼到嘴巴舌頭都累了。」
健身教練會說「肌肉痠痛再來一組」,但學英文不是這樣。舌頭已經快咬到了就停,何必呢?
關鍵是知道自己什麼時候累
有些上班族覺得「我沒壓力啊」,結果頭髮一直掉。壓力禿。你的身體還是感受到壓力的。
跟讀文章這麼多,今天這篇地緣政治你不喜歡,下次動物主題你比較喜歡,可能就可以多念一點。不用拼今天要全部念完。

真正進入狀態是什麼感覺?
John老師和Angel老師錄Café的時候就尬聊,聊到忘記時間。「我一個小時了,本來只要錄30分鐘。」這就是進入effortless state,in the zone。
每次上場都in the zone,你就是Kobe Bryant!

別想太多,做就對了
有些事情你想了反而做不了。「等一下要安排時間,然後跟小孩坐下來,好好來聊這個idiom,然後要練習三遍...」光想就累了。
Just do it。

從最小的開始
早上起床真的太難?那就先坐起來,或先把被子拿開。先做一個簡單的動作,剩下的就會自然跟上來。
學英文也一樣。讀完Café拿到學習筆記,老師這週給了十幾個idioms,覺得很多怎麼辦?
一天一個就好。"I can do one a day, I cannot do ten a day。"把它拆開來,action有做到,但不會覺得很effort。
或者這週十幾個,挑兩個你最喜歡的記下來。這兩個就是你的了。

不要被自己卡住
John老師和阿鍵老師都常被自己的thinking卡住。腦筋一直在想:「我要安排什麼時間?要準備什麼?要練習幾遍?」OS就已經消耗一堆能量了。
不去想這個effort,反而更容易去做那個action。
通勤時打開手機聽podcast,不用想「我今天要學什麼」「我進度到哪了」。上車按play就對了。竹科工程師開車上班那段路,塞車剛好聽完一集。

建立自己的自動化系統
最高境界是什麼都不用想就完成了,而且成果還不錯。就像《原子習慣》講的,system越簡單,越容易一直做下去。
通勤學英文就是最好的例子
老通勤家族跟著15Mins三四年下來,已經變成習慣了。早上開車上班就打開podcast,聽完覺得有趣的就跟著念幾句,晚上回家有空就做個shadowing。
不用每天提醒自己「我今天要學英文」,就是自然而然在做。
很多人給feedback說:「現在跟外國人講話好順,自信心特別好。」不是文法多厲害或單字量多大,是溝通對方聽得懂。出去工作、出國旅遊就很夠用了。

John老師煮咖啡的境界
「早上做咖啡的時候,自動開機、自動燒開水、自動鋪濾杯。我煮完咖啡才發現,咦我剛煮完一杯咖啡?」
以前還會想這杯要準備什麼、溫度幾度,壓力很大。現在進入effortless state就是:怎麼咖啡煮好了?我好像不記得剛剛怎麼沖的。
然後阿鍵老師喝了說好喝。這就是effortless result。
學英文也可以到這個境界。五月報稅季很煩,但通勤時間還是照樣聽podcast,不用額外安排時間。捷運兩站剛好聽完一集,下車就開始一天工作。英文在不知不覺中進步。

跟其他學習方法有什麼不同?
John老師發現很多哈佛、史丹佛的人都在講類似概念:《原子習慣》講系統、《心流》講狀態、《刻意練習》講方法。
阿鍵老師說:「很多learning tips都互通,同一個概念。要不然就是motivation,要不然就是讓你學得更輕鬆,要不然就是幫你做系統化。只是每一本切入的角度不太一樣。」

這本書特別的地方
John老師認為這本書比《原子習慣》更進一步:「我們很少去care那個state。我們太care那個system。這本書我蠻喜歡那個state的部分,就是care yourself跟love yourself。多注意自己的狀態,這個其實蠻重要的。」
不只學英文,工作、生活都適用。找到自己最順手的方式、最順的狀態,去做你想做的事。
不要在生氣七七的時候練英文
何必呢?力氣要用在對的地方。

那你的輕鬆時刻是什麼時候?
有些人做菜的時候很開心,進入心流。阿鍵老師就覺得「又要做一件事好累」。

歡迎留言分享:

你什麼時候會進入effortless state?
有哪些事你已經做到不用想就自動完成?
你怎麼把這個感覺帶到學英文上?
分享給我們,下集給你shout out!

書籍推薦: 《Effortless: Make It Easy to Do What Matters》by Greg McKeown (哈佛MBA作者)

Summary:
Once the king of film, Kodak has struggled over the years to find their footing in the digital era. In 2013, the company emerged from bankruptcy and till today is looking to find business model to sustain itself. What used to be 200 buildings of Eastman Kodak’s business park, is now left with a few buildings, with the rest either demolished or sold off. The article mentions the story of Mr. Taber, a Kodak employee of 34 years, together with 300 other scientists and engineers are working through their legacy innovations in optics and chemistry can be turned into new business ventures. In July this year, Trump administration made a $765 million loan to the Eastman Kodak Co. for its launch of a business making pharmaceutical ingredients in the US.

原文討論: https://www.15mins.today/blog/ep-912-kodak-struggles-to-envision-a-viable-future-after-film

Vocabulary and Sample Sentences:

Capitalize v. – chance to gain advantage from / convert into capital. Kodak has packaging sensor technology that they did not capitalize. Entrepreneurs are constantly looking to capitalize on any market opportunities.

Complacent adj. – showing smug / self-satisfaction with one’s achievement The cash Kodak made from film made them complacent. Having too much luxuries in life would make you complacent.

IP – Intellectual Property (patent, copyright, trademark) CEO of Kodak believes that they will not be able to capitalize on their IP through Kodak-branded sales. Filing patents is a way to protect a company’s intellectual property.

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你有沒有想過，你的英文名字在外國人耳裡是什麼感覺？在台灣，很多人的英文名字是國中老師取的、或是從喜歡的明星那裡借來的，甚至有人每換一個工作就用一個新名字。但你知道嗎？有些名字在西方文化裡，可以算是社交地雷喔！

本週的《英語咖啡館》John 老師和 Angel 老師要來談談英文名字的 "faux pas"(如果你不認識這個字，趕快打開本集節目！)。命名的禁忌往往不是因為名字本身不好，而是像 COVID 時代崛起的 Karen 迷因，或是健身房的 Chad 文化，這些網路文化、迷因、甚至成人娛樂業讓名字和特定情境做了連結啦！

Have you ever wondered what your English name sounds like to foreigners? In Taiwan, many people's English names were given by their junior high school teachers, borrowed from favorite celebrities, or even changed with each new job. But did you know? Some names can be social landmines in Western culture!

This week on English Cafe, John and Angel discuss English name "faux pas" (if you don't know this word, quickly tune into this episode!). Naming taboos often aren't because the names themselves are bad, but rather due to internet culture like the Karen meme that rose during the COVID era, or gym bro Chad culture. These internet trends, memes, and even the adult entertainment industry have created associations between names and specific contexts!