The Bible Sojourner

Peter Goeman examines Galatians 3:16 and Paul’s claim that the promises were made to Abraham and to his singular “offspring,” who is Christ. By tracing the argument back to Genesis 22:17–18, comparing translation differences, and interacting with C. John Collins and Andrew E. Steinmann, he explains why Paul’s reading is rooted in the Old Testament context and why Christ as the seed of Abraham does not erase Israel’s identity or future promises.
Timestamps
00:00 — Introduction
00:36 — Why Galatians 3 matters for Israel and the church
02:13 — The exegetical issue: singular offspring vs. plural descendants
04:05 — Genesis 22:17–18 and the Abrahamic promise
05:22 — Translation differences: ESV, NASB, and “his/their enemies”
07:01 — The Hebrew word zeraʿ: seed, offspring, descendant
09:11 — John Collins, pronouns, verbs, and singular indicators
12:31 — Four biblical categories for the “seed of Abraham”
18:32 — Why Genesis 22 points to a singular victorious offspring
21:15 — Steinmann’s argument against a purely collective reading
25:38 — Connecting Genesis 22 with Galatians 3
26:15 — Paul’s use of composite Old Testament allusions
28:24 — Steinmann and Collins on Galatians 3:8, 3:16, and Genesis 22:18
32:02 — Why Paul’s argument fits the grammar of Genesis 22
33:31 — Christ as the seed does not erase Israel’s role
38:06 — Jesus as true Israel and the future of national Israel
38:53 — Conclusion: Christ as the center of Abrahamic blessing
Articles Referenced
Steinmann, Andrew E. “Jesus and Possessing the Enemies’ Gate (Genesis 22:17–18; 24:60).” Bibliotheca Sacra 174, no. 693 (January–March 2017): 13–21.
https://www.academia.edu/26154981/Jesus_and_Possessing_the_Enemies_Gate_Genesis_22_17_18_Genesis_24_60_
Collins, C. John. “Galatians 3:16: What Kind of Exegete Was Paul?” Tyndale Bulletin 54, no. 1 (2003): 75–86.
https://www.tyndalebulletin.org/article/30224-galatians-3-16-what-kind-of-exegete-was-paul.pdf
Are Gentiles the True Israel in Galatians 3?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eXPZJV2c0lA

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The Bible was originally written in Hebrew, Greek, and a little Aramaic. But if we have so many good English translations today, do the original languages still matter?
In this episode, we argue that Greek and Hebrew are not just academic extras for pastors and theologians. They are deeply connected to the health of the church, the clarity of Scripture, and the preservation of sound doctrine.
We’ll look at why the Reformers cared so much about the biblical languages, especially Martin Luther and John Calvin. We’ll also consider what happens when churches, pastors, seminaries, and Christians begin to downplay the importance of returning to the original text of Scripture.
Even if you never personally learn Greek or Hebrew, this episode explains why you should still care whether your pastors and teachers value them.
Article mentioned: The Reformers and the Original Languages (https://petergoeman.com/papers/reformers_and_original_languages.pdf)

Timestamps
0:00 — Introduction
3:22 — When Christians downplay the biblical languages
5:15 — The dumbing down of theological education
6:27 — Biblical languages as a barometer of church health
8:20 — Before the Reformation: Latin and the average churchgoer
9:47 — Wycliffe and the groundwork for reform
11:27 — Luther, Bible translation, and the languages
24:20 — Luther’s warning about neglecting the languages
27:29 — Modern examples of being swayed by attractive false teaching
29:44 — Calvin and the importance of literal interpretation
34:02 — Calvin’s Geneva Academy and language training
40:38 — Why English alone can sometimes limit interpretation
42:27 — Do modern translations and commentaries make languages unnecessary?
47:49 — Three problems when teachers lack biblical language tools
52:34 — Machen and Princeton Seminary
56:33 — Three benefits of studying biblical languages
1:04:32 — Final appeal: be strong advocates for the biblical languages

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How old was Isaac when Abraham took him to Mount Moriah in Genesis 22?
In this short episode of The Bible Sojourner, we take a fresh look at one of the most famous passages in the Old Testament and ask a question many readers have never really considered: was Isaac a small child, or was he much older than we often assume? Drawing from the chronological clues in Genesis, I walk through the biblical data and argue that Isaac was likely old enough to understand what was happening, carry the wood for the sacrifice, and willingly submit to his father.
That changes the way we read the story. Instead of picturing Abraham overpowering a helpless boy, this episode explores the possibility that Isaac knowingly trusted his father and participated in the event in a far more meaningful way. We also consider how this helps us understand Genesis 22, highlights the character of God, and sheds light on the substitutionary pattern that runs through Scripture.
If you have found the podcast helpful, consider ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠leaving a review on Itunes⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ or ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠rating it on Spotify⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠. You can also find ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠The Bible Sojourner on Youtube⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠. Consider passing any episodes you have found helpful to a friend.
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Was Peter really the undisputed leader of the early church—or does the New Testament point somewhere else?
In this episode of The Bible Sojourner, we walk through Will Varner’s provocative article, “Was James the First Pope?” and explore the biblical and historical evidence that James, the brother of Jesus, may have functioned as the central leader of the early church in a way many Christians have overlooked.
We look at the centrality of Jerusalem, James’s growing prominence in Acts, Galatians, and 1 Corinthians, his decisive role at the Jerusalem Council, and the way both Josephus and early church writers seem to confirm his importance. Along the way, we also consider what this means for common assumptions about Peter, Paul, Roman Catholic claims, and even Protestant blind spots.
Whether you agree or disagree, this is a fascinating discussion that challenges tradition and pushes us back to the text of Scripture.If you enjoy thoughtful conversations on the Bible, theology, and culture, be sure to subscribe and join the discussion in the comments.
Chapter Headings
00:00 Intro: Was James More Important Than Peter?
00:00:47 Why This Argument Was So Eye-Opening
00:02:06 The Main Thesis of Varner’s Article
00:04:35 James and the Centrality of Jerusalem
00:06:23 The Gospel Expands From Jerusalem to the Nations
00:09:55 Why Jerusalem Was Seen as the Center of the World
00:12:25 James’s Rise to Leadership in the Early Church
00:15:18 Paul’s Early Contact With Peter and James
00:17:02 James, Peter, and John as the “Pillars”
00:20:11 Peter Defers to James
00:21:31 The Jerusalem Council and James’s Final Judgment
00:28:18 Paul Continues to Follow James’s Lead
00:33:35 Josephus and the Historical Importance of James
00:36:29 James in Early Church Tradition
00:42:09 The Letter of James and the Order of the Canon
00:45:26 Why James’s Leadership Matters
00:50:09 Implications for Catholicism, Orthodoxy, and Protestantism
00:54:06 Final Conclusions: Was James the First Pope?
00:56:06 Outro
Article Written by Will Varner: https://cf.sbts.edu/equip/uploads/2024/05/SBJT-27.3-Was-James-the-First-Pope-Varner.pdfIf you have found the podcast helpful, consider ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠leaving a review on Itunes⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ or ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠rating it on Spotify⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠. You can also find ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠The Bible Sojourner on Youtube⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠. Consider passing any episodes you have found helpful to a friend.
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How do progressive covenantalists understand Israel and the land promise?
In this episode of Bible Sojourner, Peter Goeman reviews comments from Stephen Wellum in a recent interview with Grant Castleberry. Peter interacts with the core claims of progressive Covenantalism and talks about many of the presuppositions involved.
The big questions in this discussion are these:
• How does progressive covenantalism understand the people of Israel?
• What happens to the Old Testament land promises?
• Does Christ’s role as the true Israel mean national Israel no longer has significance?
• Does typology fulfill earlier promises in a way that sets aside their specific details?
• What role should the New Testament and Old Testament play in shaping our hermeneutic?

If you enjoy thoughtful discussions on Bible, theology, and culture, subscribe and join the conversation.

Video reviewed: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H4p3UKiZ1cc
Time Stamps
00:00 Introduction: Progressive Covenantalism, Israel, and the Land Promise
00:01:43 Setting the Stage: Grant Castleberry and Stephen Wellum
00:06:54 Wellum’s Summary of Dispensationalism
00:09:35 Peter’s Initial Response: A Fair Definition, but One Addition
00:11:50 Castleberry’s Experience with Older Dispensationalism
00:13:04 Why Those Older Views Are Not Essential to Dispensationalism
00:18:50 Why Wellum Rejects Dispensationalism
00:27:56 Are All God’s Promises Fulfilled in Christ in the Same Way?
00:33:31 Does Representation Erase Israel’s National Identity?
00:37:36 Is the Church “Spiritual Israel”? Romans 9 and Galatians 6
00:43:13 The Problem of New Testament Priority
00:45:27 Matthew 19, Acts 1, and Acts 3 on Israel’s Future
00:50:04 Wellum on the Land Promise and New Creation
00:53:49 Peter’s Response: The Presuppositions Behind That View
01:09:27 The Real Divide: Typology and Whether the Type Must Disappear

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