Behind The Knife: The Surgery Podcast

It’s postoperative day four after surgery for a perforated colon. The source appears controlled, but the patient is still intubated, the white count is eighteen, and nobody feels comfortable stopping piperacillin–tazobactam. Is four days really enough? Does the ICU buy another four—or is it time to ask what we’re missing?
Join Drs. Rushabh Dev, Skye Shultz, Kelly Ray, Desra Fletcher, and Brycen Ratcliffe from the Emergency General Surgery team in Tiger Country at Mizzou as they revisit STOP-IT and examine what more than a decade of evidence has added to the management of complicated intra-abdominal infection.
In this EGS Journal Review, the team appraises the landmark trial, explores its subgroup analyses and limitations, and puts contemporary SIS, IDSA, AAST, and Surviving Sepsis guidance into context. The discussion moves from source control and antibiotic duration to resistant organisms, cultures, de-escalation, ICU dosing, and the role of procalcitonin.
For most complicated intra-abdominal infections, approximately four days after adequate source control remains the default. Persistent illness should prompt a search for failed source control, ineffective therapy, or another diagnosis before simply extending the stop date.

Hosts

Dr. Rushabh Dev, MD, FACS – Moderator and Acute Care Surgeon, University of Missouri

Dr. Skye Shultz – Surgical Critical Care Fellow, University of Missouri

Dr. Kelly Ray – General Surgery Resident; STOP-IT appraisal and antimicrobial selection

Dr. Desra Fletcher – General Surgery Resident, University of Missouri; post-STOP-IT evidence and implementation

Dr. Brycen Ratcliffe – General Surgery Resident; society guidance and microbiology

Learning Objectives
By the end of this episode, listeners should be able to:
·       Describe the design, principal results, strengths, and limitations of STOP-IT, including why adequate source control is essential to applying its findings.
·       Apply short-course therapy after adequate operative or percutaneous source control and explain why sepsis alone, obesity, or diabetes does not automatically require a longer course.
·       Distinguish the four-day default from the weaker SIS recommendation supporting up to eight days in selected critically ill patients after adequate source control.
·       Recognize persistent or worsening illness that warrants reassessment of source control, drain function, microbiology, drug exposure, or alternative diagnoses.
·       Differentiate the treatment scope of SIS guidance from the diagnostic and microbiology focus of IDSA 2024, the AAST surgical ICU consensus, and broader sepsis and antimicrobial-resistance guidance.
·       Select and de-escalate antimicrobials using infection setting, resistance risk, cultures, local susceptibility data, and patient-specific dosing considerations.
·       Explain the limited adjunctive role of procalcitonin in antibiotic discontinuation when duration remains uncertain, including the implications of ADAPT-Sepsis.

References

1.     Sawyer RG, et al. Trial of short-course antimicrobial therapy for intraabdominal infection. N Engl J Med. 2015;372:1996–2005. STOP-IT. Article / guideline

2.     Huston JM, et al. The Surgical Infection Society Guidelines on the Management of Intra-Abdominal Infection: 2024 Update. Surg Infect. 2024;25:419–435. Article / guideline

3.     Rattan R, et al. Patients with complicated intra-abdominal infection presenting with sepsis do not require longer duration of antimicrobial therapy. J Am Coll Surg. 2016;222:440–446. Article / guideline

4.     Rattan R, et al. Percutaneously drained intra-abdominal infections do not require longer duration of antimicrobial therapy. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2016;81:108–113. Article / guideline

5.     Montravers P, et al. Short-course antibiotic therapy for critically ill patients treated for postoperative intra-abdominal infection: the DURAPOP randomized clinical trial. Intensive Care Med. 2018;44:300–310. Article / guideline

6.     IDSA. 2024 Guideline Update on Complicated Intra-Abdominal Infections: Risk Assessment, Diagnostic Imaging, and Microbiological Evaluation. Article / guideline

7.     Nohra E, et al. Fever and infections in surgical intensive care: an AAST Critical Care Committee clinical consensus document. Trauma Surg Acute Care Open. 2024;9:e001303. Article / guideline

8.     IDSA. 2026 Guidance on the Treatment of Antimicrobial-Resistant Gram-Negative Infections. Article / guideline

9.     Prescott HC, et al. Surviving Sepsis Campaign: International Guidelines for Management of Sepsis and Septic Shock 2026. Crit Care Med. 2026. Article / guideline

10.  Dark P, et al. Biomarker-guided antibiotic duration for hospitalized patients with suspected sepsis: the ADAPT-Sepsis randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2025;333:682–693. Article / guideline

After adequate source control, most complicated intra-abdominal infections need approximately four days of antibiotics. If the patient is not improving, reassess the source and the treatment—not just the calendar.

Sponsor Disclosure: Visit goremedical.com/btkpod to learn more about GORE® SYNECOR Biomaterial, including supporting references and disclaimers for the presented content.  Refer to Instructions for Use at eifu.goremedical.com for a complete description of all applicable indications, warnings, precautions and contraindications for the markets where this product is available. Rx only
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Enlace del curso: https://behindtheknife.org/premium/repaso-para-el-examen-de-certificaci-n-en-cirug-a-general
Behind the Knife es el podcast quirúrgico líder en el mundo y una plataforma de educación quirúrgica. Nuestra misión es crear contenido innovador de educación quirúrgica que sea accesible para todos. Estamos muy emocionados de expandirnos al público hispanohablante y ofrecerles 4 episodios de muestra de nuestro Curso de Repaso para el examen de certificación de Cirugía General.
Hoy, escucharás un caso de muestra de este curso de repaso en audio, que incluye 100 escenarios.
El curso tiene un formato emocionante y completamente único. Cada uno de los 100 caso consta de dos partes. La primera parte es un caso oral perfectamente ejecutado que imita la realidad. Cada caso tiene una duración de cinco a siete minutos e incluye una variedad de tácticas y estilos. Si logras alcanzar este nivel de desempeño en tu preparación, seguramente aprobarás el examen de certificación con éxito.
La segunda parte introduce comentarios de alto rendimiento para cada escenario. Estos comentarios incluyen consejos y trucos para ayudarte a dominar los escenarios más desafiantes, además de una enseñanza práctica y fácil de entender que cubre los temas más confusos que enfrentamos como cirujanos generales. Estamos seguros de que encontrarás este enfoque único de doble formato como una forma altamente efectiva de prepararte para el examen.
Nuestro contenido está disponible en nuestras aplicaciones para iOS y Android y en nuestro sitio web (behindtheknife.org). Por favor, consulta las notas del programa para más información. Nos encantaría escuchar tus comentarios sobre este episodio enviando un correo electrónico a hello@behindtheknife.org y apreciamos tu ayuda para difundir la palabra entre tus colegas si disfrutas del material.
Este contenido incluye 97 descripciones operatorias para todos los procedimientos comunes —y la mayoría de los poco comunes— incluidos en el Currículo de Cirugía General SCORE. Cada descripción está diseñada para ayudar a los candidatos a prepararse de manera eficaz para el Examen de Certificación en Cirugía General.
presentadores de podcast:
- Auri P. Garcia Gonzalez, MD PhD nació en San Juan, Puerto Rico, y se trasladó a los Estados Unidos en el 2012 para sus estudios graduados. Actualmente, es estudiante de post-grado en cirugía general en Duke University.
- Diego Schaps, MD, MPH es un residente de cirugía general en Duke y nació en Miami, en el estado de la Florida. Sus padres nacieron en El Salvador.
Disclaimer: Los productos de contenido de Behind the Knife son únicamente para fines educativos. No diagnosticamos, tratamos ni ofrecemos consejos específicos para pacientes.
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Behind the Knife is the world's leading surgical podcast and surgical education platform.  Our mission is to create innovative surgical education content that is accessible to all.  We are very excited to expand into the spanish audience and bring you 4 sample episodes of our General Surgery Oral Board Review Course which will be released over the course of the next week.
Today, you'll hear a sample scenario from this comprehensive audio review course which includes 100 scenarios.  The course has an exciting and entirely unique format. Each of the 100 scenarios includes two parts. The first part is a perfectly executed oral board scenario that mimics the real thing. Scenarios are five to seven minutes long and include a variety of tactics and styles. If you're able to achieve this level of performance in your preparation, you are sure to pass the oral exam with flying colors.
The second part introduces high yield commentary to each scenario. This commentary includes tips and tricks to help you dominate the most challenging scenarios in addition to practical, easy to understand teaching that covers the most confusing topics that we face as general surgeons. We are confident you will find this unique dual format approach a highly effective way to prepare for the test.
The course contains crisp, concise operative descriptions that cover all SCORE common topics and and most SCORE uncommon topics.
Our content is available on our iOS and Android apps and website (behindtheknife.org).  Please check the show notes for more information. We would love to hear your feedback by emailing hello@behindtheknife.org and appreciate your help spreading the word to your colleagues if you enjoy the material.
Hosts:
- Auri P. Garcia Gonzalez, MD PhD was born and raised in San Juan, Puerto Rico and moved to the US in 2012 for graduate studies. At present, she is a surgical resident at Duke University.
- Diego Schaps, MD, MPH is a general surgery resident at Duke and was born in Miami, Florida. His parents were born in El Salvador.
Please visit https://behindtheknife.org to access other high-yield surgical education podcasts, videos and more.
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Calcified peripheral artery disease (PAD) remains one of the most challenging problems in endovascular intervention. Calcium limits vessel expansion, increases the risk of dissection and procedural failure, and can ultimately lead to bailout stenting. The Disrupt PAD III program provided important evidence for a different approach: intravascular lithotripsy (IVL) as a vessel-preparation strategy. In this episode, we examine the randomized Disrupt PAD III trial published by Tepe and colleagues and the large, real-world observational analysis led by Armstrong and colleagues. Together, these studies explore whether IVL can make treatment of heavily calcified lesions more predictable, reduce the need for stenting, and support a “leave-nothing-behind” strategy.
Hosts:
Dr. Robert Beaulieu
Dr. Frank Davis
Dr. Luciano Delbono
Dr. Andrew Huang
Dr. Carolyn Judge
Learning Objectives
By the end of this episode, listeners should be able to:

Explain the challenges posed by moderate to severe vascular calcification during peripheral endovascular intervention and the rationale for dedicated vessel-preparation strategies.

Describe the design, patient population, endpoints, and primary findings of the randomized Disrupt PAD III trial comparing IVL with conventional PTA.

Interpret the procedural and longer-term outcomes associated with IVL, including residual stenosis, dissection rates, bailout stenting, and primary patency.

Evaluate how the Disrupt PAD III observational study complements the randomized trial by examining IVL in a larger, more complex, real-world population and across multiple vascular beds.

Identify the practical implications, limitations, and remaining unanswered questions surrounding IVL, including its role relative to other calcium-modification strategies such as atherectomy.

References

Tepe G, Brodmann M, Werner M, et al. Intravascular Lithotripsy for Peripheral Artery Calcification: 30-Day Outcomes From the Randomized Disrupt PAD III Trial. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2021;14(12):1352-1361. doi:10.1016/j.jcin.2021.04.010. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34167675/

Tepe G, Brodmann M, Bachinsky W, et al. Intravascular Lithotripsy for Peripheral Artery Calcification: Mid-term Outcomes From the Randomized Disrupt PAD III Trial. J Soc Cardiovasc Angiogr Interv. 2022. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39131928/

Armstrong EJ, Adams G, Soukas PA, et al. Intravascular Lithotripsy for Peripheral Artery Calcification: 30-Day Outcomes From the Disrupt PAD III Observational Study. J Endovasc Ther. 2026;33(2):853-862. doi:10.1177/15266028241283716. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39422234/

Sponsor URL: https://www.goremedical.com/
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Breast cancer risk varies widely across patients, and surgeons play a central role in recognizing elevated risk and guiding appropriate management. In this episode, we review the spectrum of breast cancer risk and discuss practical strategies for risk assessment and risk reduction. We’ll cover surveillance, lifestyle interventions, risk-reducing medications, high-risk breast lesions, and prophylactic surgery—with an emphasis on translating the available evidence into individualized clinical care.
Hosts:
- Rashmi Kumar, MD, PhD
Resident, University of Michigan General Surgery Residency Program
Twitter/X: @RashmiJKumar
- Melissa Pilewskie, MD
Attending Breast Surgical Oncologist, Co-Director of the Weiser Family Center for Breast Cancer, Michigan Medicine
 Twitter/X: @MPilewskie
- Stephanie Downs-Canner, MD
Attending Breast Surgical Oncologist & Physician-Scientist, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Program Director of the Breast Surgical Oncology Fellowship Training Program
 Twitter/X: @SDownsCanner
Learning Objectives:

Identify major modifiable and nonmodifiable breast cancer risk factors, including genetic predisposition, family history, breast density, high-risk lesions, prior chest radiation, and lifestyle factors.

Select and interpret commonly used breast cancer risk-assessment tools—including the Gail, Tyrer-Cuzick, and BCSC models—while recognizing their important limitations.

Recommend appropriate risk-management strategies based on a patient’s risk level, including enhanced surveillance, lifestyle interventions, genetic evaluation, and endocrine risk-reducing therapy.

Explain the indications, benefits, limitations, and tradeoffs of managing high-risk breast lesions and pursuing risk-reducing surgery, including bilateral mastectomy and salpingo-oophorectomy.

References:
Risk-Assessment Tools

National Cancer Institute. Breast Cancer Risk Assessment Tool.https://bcrisktool.cancer.gov/

National Breast Cancer Foundation. What is the Tyrer-Cuzick model?https://www.nationalbreastcancer.org/blog/tyrer-cuzick-model/

Breast Cancer Surveillance Consortium. BCSC Breast Cancer Risk Calculator.https://tools.bcsc-scc.ucdavis.edu/BC5yearRisk/#/

Chemoprevention Guideline
Bevers TB, Ward JH, Arun BK, et al. Breast cancer risk reduction, version 2.2015. J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 2015;13(8):880-915. doi:10.6004/jnccn.2015.0105
CDC Overview of Risk Factors
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Breast cancer risk factors. https://www.cdc.gov/breast-cancer/risk-factors/index.html

Emerging Techniques in Risk Assessment

Breastcancer.org. Polygenic risk score may help predict invasive breast cancer risk. https://www.breastcancer.org/news/polygenic-risk-score-invasive-cancer-risk

Breast Cancer Research Foundation. Clairity Breast: The first FDA-authorized AI platform to predict breast cancer risk from a mammogram. https://www.bcrf.org/blog/clairity-breast-ai-artificial-intelligence-mammogram-approved/

Risk reduction

Pilewskie ML, Dimick JB. Bariatric Surgery for Breast Cancer Risk Reduction—Benefit May Not Be One Size Fits All. JAMA Surg. 2023;158(6):641–642. doi:10.1001/jamasurg.2023.0534 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37043229/

Boraka Ö, Klintman M, Rosendahl AH. Physical Activity and Long-Term Risk of Breast Cancer, Associations with Time in Life and Body Composition in the Prospective Malmö Diet and Cancer Study. Cancers (Basel). 2022 Apr 13;14(8):1960. doi: 10.3390/cancers14081960. PMID: 35454864; PMCID: PMC9025884. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35454864/

Tzenios N, Tazanios ME, Chahine M. The impact of BMI on breast cancer - an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2024 Feb 2;103(5):e36831. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000036831. PMID: 38306546; PMCID: PMC10843423. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38306546/

Hartmann LC, Schaid DJ, Woods JE, et al. Efficacy of bilateral prophylactic mastectomy in women with a family history of breast cancer. New England Journal of Medicine 1999; 340(2):77-84. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9887158/

Domchek SM, Friebel TM, Singer CF, et al. Association of risk-reducing surgery in BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation carriers with cancer risk and mortality. JAMA 2010; 304(9):967–975. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20810374/

Rebbeck TR, Friebel T, Lynch HT, et al. Bilateral prophylactic mastectomy reduces breast cancer risk in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers: The PROSE Study Group. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2004; 22(6):1055-1062. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14981104/

Matteo Lazzeroni et al. Randomized Placebo Controlled Trial of Low-Dose Tamoxifen to Prevent Recurrence in Breast Noninvasive Neoplasia: A 10-Year Follow-Up of TAM-01 Study. J Clin Oncol 41, 3116-3121(2023).

Elizabeth S. McDonald et al. GLP-1 Agonists Are Associated With a Significant Reduction in Breast Cancer Incidence in Women. JCO Oncol Pract 22, 1341-1348(2026).

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Ever wonder how a mountain of clinical data transforms into a clinical practice guideline, or whether deviating from one puts you at legal risk? Join us as we pull back the curtain on guidelines methodology, decode the fine print, and put the evidence into practice. 

Hosts: 

Scott Steele, MD, MBA – Colon and Rectal Surgeon at Cleveland Clinic  

Nicole L. Petcka, MD, MHPE – General Surgery Resident at Emory University

Guests: 

Bethany Slater, MD – Pediatric Surgeon at Mount Siani, SAGES Guidelines Committee Chair 

Francesco Palazzo, MD – Minimally Invasive Surgeon at Jefferson Health, SAGES Guidelines Committee Co-chair 

Elisa Calabrese, MD – General Surgery Resident at UCSF-East Bay, SAGES/RACS Guidelines Fellow 

Resources: 
Kumar, S. S., Collings, A. T., Wunker, C., Athanasiadis, D. I., DeLong, C. G., Hong, J. S., Ansari, M. T., Abou-Setta, A., Oliver, E., Berghella, V., Alli, V., Hassan, I., Hollands, C., Sylla, P., Slater, B. J., & Palazzo, F. (2024). SAGES guidelines for the use of laparoscopy during pregnancy. Surgical endoscopy, 38(6), 2947–2963. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00464-024-10810-1

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