From Our Neurons to Yours

Health influencers and scientists have both gone crazy for peptides.

The peptide health craze stems from a lot of online hype — centered on gray-market compounds that haven't been rigorously tested in humans and aren't regulated for safety or purity. But among scientists, there is a genuine "revolution" underway — spurred by technological developments revealing an order of magnitude more peptides in our bodies than we ever realized, and by the unexpected and unparalleled success of GLP-1 drugs like Ozempic.

To learn more about what’s driving this excitement – and how much of the peptide hype is really worth your attention – we spoke with Stanford biochemist Jonathan Long, an associate professor of pathology at Stanford Medicine, an affiliate of the Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, and an Institute Scholar of Stanford Sarafan ChEM-H.

Editor's Note: After we went to press, Colorado biotech Enveda announced promising but early Phase 1 safety results for ENV-308, an oral drug engineered to mimic Lac-Phe — the "exercise in a pill" molecule Long's lab first characterized in 2022. The trial didn't test actual weight-loss or fitness effects, so the real thing isn't here yet — but Long, a scientific advisor to Enveda, calls it "an extremely exciting potential scientific breakthrough." Read more
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Long Lab of Chemical Physiology
An ‘Exercise Pill’ Just Cleared Its First Human Test (Gizmodo, 2026)
A pill that mimics exercise? Early results on drug designed to maintain both weight loss and muscle mass (STAT, 2026)
Peptides are everywhere. Here’s what you need to know. (MIT Technology Review, 2026)
Influencers are promoting peptides for better health. What does the science say? (NPR, 2026)
What doctors want patients to know about injectable peptides (American Medical Association, 2026)
Why Are People Injecting Themselves with Peptides? (The New Yorker, 2026)
Peptides are buzzing: But what does the science say? (Stanford Medicine, 2026)
Study of pythons’ extreme diet reveals new hunger-curbing molecule (Knight Initiative for Brain Resilience, 2026)
Unlocking the secrets of ketosis (Knight Initiative for Brain Resilience, 2024)
Weight loss caused by common diabetes drug tied to "anti-hunger" molecule in study (Stanford Medicine, 2024)
Q&A: Unlocking the secrets of taurine in obesity control (Knight Initiative for Brain Resilience, 2024)
Exercise and the brain (From Our Neurons to Yours, 2023)
Lac-Phe mediates the effects metformin on food intake and body weight (Nature Metabolism, 2024)
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Thanks for listening! If you're enjoying our show, please take a moment to give us a review on your podcast app of choice and share this episode with your friends. That's how we grow as a show and bring the stories of the frontiers of neuroscience to a wider audience.
We want to hear from your neurons! Email us at at neuronspodcast@stanford.edu
Learn more about the Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute at Stanford and follow us on Twitter, Facebook, and LinkedIn.

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is one of the most promising new technologies in psychiatry. Essentially, it allows us to reach inside the brain, stimulate it, and alter the brain circuits that go awry in disorders like depression. 
As the late Nolan Williams once explained, we've known for a long time that mental health disorders are caused by changes in electrical circuits in our brains, until TMS came along, we didn't had a good way of nudging those circuits back toward healthier function.
But for all its promise, there is still much we don't understand about what exactly TMS is doing. We know it sends electromagnetic waves into the brain and changes the flow of electricity within. What we don't know is how it changes brain circuits and networks or why that helps treat depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, or any of the other conditions where it's being used.
Today's guest, Corey Keller, is dedicated to addressing that gap. He's been developing methods for recording inside the brain to help us understand how treatments like TMS change our brain circuits and address psychiatric disease.
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Stanford Precision Neurotherapeutics Lab
Koret Human Neurosciences Community Lab
Closed-loop Optimized rTMS for Depression (Stanford Medicine Clinical Trials)
Probing the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex and Central Executive Network for Improving Neuromodulation in Depression (Stanford Medicine Clinical Trials)
Non-invasive brain stimulation opens new ways to study and treat the brain (Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, 2025)
Music supercharges brain stimulation (Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, 2025)
How brain imaging is transforming mental health (From Our Neurons to Yours 2025)
Psychiatry 3.0 (From Our Neurons to Yours, 2023)
Stanford Psychiatry’s Corey Keller Awarded Grant to Research Biomarkers to Improve Efficacy of rTMS for Treatment-Resistant Depression (Stanford Medicine Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 2026)
Personalizing Brain Stimulation for Psychiatric Disorders: From Circuits to Closed-Loop Control (American Journal of Psychiatry, 2026)
Transcranial magnetic stimulation with intracranial recording in humans and primates: a review (Brain: A Journal of Neurology, 2025)
Neural effects of TMS trains on the human prefrontal cortex (Scientific Reports, 2023)
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Thanks for listening! If you're enjoying our show, please take a moment to give us a review on your podcast app of choice and share this episode with your friends. That's how we grow as a show and bring the stories of the frontiers of neuroscience to a wider audience.
We want to hear from your neurons! Email us at at neuronspodcast@stanford.edu
Learn more about the Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute at Stanford and follow us on Twitter, Facebook, and LinkedIn.

Back in the 1950s, doctors didn't know a whole lot about the heart. If someone came in with chest pain, clinicians would ask a few questions, then take a stab at treating what might be heartburn or a heart attack. 
That's where mental health care is today, according to today's guest, Leanne Williams.
For example: you come into a psychiatrist’s office. The psychiatrist determines that you’ve experienced five or more depressive symptoms for at least two consecutive weeks and you get a diagnosis of major depressive disorder. Maybe you get prescribed some combination of therapy and medication. For some it works. For others it doesn’t. On average, finding an effective treatment for depression takes patients about 7 years – one of the reasons we’re in a mental health crisis.
Williams says that the key issue is that psychiatry does not base its diagnoses or treatment plans on any direct test of the organ of interest: the brain. According to Leanne’s research, people with depression actually fall into clearly different categories, caused by changes in specific brain networks that can be  seen using brain imaging. She’s shown that using this data can lead to much more targeted and effective therapies.
Williams leads the Precision Mental Health Center at Stanford and is helming a new international task force that aims to create a road map for transforming  mental health diagnosis and treatment based on biological data and brain imaging. We invited Leanne on the show to tell us about a sea change she sees happening in psychiatry.
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Stanford Center for Precision Mental Health
Stanford PanLab: Personalized and Translational Neuroscience Lab
Reimagining mental health: Stanford Medicine experts chosen to lead precision task force (Stanford Medicine, 2026)
Depression's distinctive fingerprints in the brain (From Our Neurons To Yours, 2024)
Cognitive behavioral therapy for depression can lead to lasting changes in the brain (Stanford Report, 2024)
A study identified 6 types of depression. Here’s why that matters (CNN, 2024)
Leanne Williams receives $18 million NIH grant to diagnose and treat depression (Stanford Report, 2024)
Brain scans could help personalize treatment for people who are depressed or suicidal (Science, 2019)
The Precision Mental Health Commission: transforming mental health through brain circuit science (Nature Mental Health, 2026)
Personalized Treatment Selection in Depression Using Clinically Interpretable Neuroimaging Biotypes (Biological Psychiatry, 2026)
Personalized brain circuit scores identify clinically distinct biotypes in depression and anxiety (Nature Medicine, 2024)
Send us a text!
Thanks for listening! If you're enjoying our show, please take a moment to give us a review on your podcast app of choice and share this episode with your friends. That's how we grow as a show and bring the stories of the frontiers of neuroscience to a wider audience.
We want to hear from your neurons! Email us at at neuronspodcast@stanford.edu
Learn more about the Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute at Stanford and follow us on Twitter, Facebook, and LinkedIn.

Why does being sick make you so exhausted – and why does that exhaustion sometimes outlast the illness itself? Today, neuroscientist Julia Kaltschmidt returns to the podcast to talk about the body's hidden "sickness reflex," the gut-brain circuitry behind it, and what those things might reveal about chronic fatigue.
Kaltschmidt, a Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute faculty scholar and professor of neurosurgery at Stanford Medicine, is an expert on the enteric nervous system — the gut's own semi-independent network of 200 to 600 million neurons. She's leading a new Big Ideas in Neuroscience project mapping out exactly how the body tells the brain it's sick, alongside Luis de Lecea, an expert in the brain circuitry of sleep, and Christoph Thaiss, who studies communication between the gut, the immune system, and the brain.
The team believes that understanding the "reflex" of sickness fatigue could eventually lead to something patients with chronic fatigue and long COVID don't currently have: a real biomarker, and a path to treatment, for a condition that's too often been dismissed as "all in your head."
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Big Ideas in Neuroscience tackle brain science of everyday life and more (Wu Tsai Neuro, 2026)
Your gut – the second brain? (Our first conversation with Julia Kaltschmidt)
The gut's 'second brain' (Stanford Medicine, 2026)
Discovery sheds light on earliest development of gut motility (Wu Tsai Neuro, 2024)
Neuroscience sheds light on childhood gut disorders (Wu Tsai Neuro, 2024)
Could boosting gut–brain communication prevent memory loss? (Podcast episode with Christoph Thaiss)
Why sleep keeps us young (Podcast episode with Luis De Lecea)
New Science Shows Immune "Memory" in the Brain (Quanta Magazine, 2021)
Insular cortex neurons encode and retrieve specific immune responses (Cell, 2021)
Send us a text!
Thanks for listening! If you're enjoying our show, please take a moment to give us a review on your podcast app of choice and share this episode with your friends. That's how we grow as a show and bring the stories of the frontiers of neuroscience to a wider audience.
We want to hear from your neurons! Email us at at neuronspodcast@stanford.edu
Learn more about the Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute at Stanford and follow us on Twitter, Facebook, and LinkedIn.

For decades, the field focused on the plaques and tangles of misfolded proteins that show up in the brains of patients with Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s and other disorders. The natural assumption was that if you could design a drug to clear out that gunk, you could save the brain. But so far, that bet hasn't paid off.
Now, researchers are taking a big step back and asking whether the plaques aren't a culprit, but rather a clue pointing to something more fundamental going wrong in our brain cells as we age? Put another way, why do our brains get jammed up with these junk proteins in the first place?
Today’s guest, chemical engineer and geneticist Monther Abu-Remaileh, is one of the researchers working hard to answer that question. His research goes deep on a tiny cellular structure called the lysosome, little sacs filled with acid and enzymes that break down worn-out proteins and cellular debris. The lysosome is like a sustainable recycling center for a major city, managing waste streams, recycling raw materials, and coordinating with the rest of the cell to keep things running – and when it breaks down, the whole cell starts to fail. 
Among other accomplishments, Abu-Remaileh, a member of the Knight Initiative for Brain Resilience Steering Committee, has developed clever techniques for probing the lysosome that have put him at the frontier of a transformation in how we think about the lysosome, a transformation that could point the way to slow all manner of neurodegeneration – or even prevent it from happening in the first place.
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From humble beginnings to unlocking lysosomal secrets (ASBMB Today, 2026)
‘You can literally lose who you are’ (Stanford Report, 2025)
Driver of neurodegenerative diseases revealed (Stanford Engineering, 2023)
New atlas could help researchers studying neurological disease (Knight Initiative for Brain Resilience, 2026)
Sifting through cellular recycling centers (Stanford Engineering, 2022)
Lysosomal metabolomics reveals V-ATPase- and mTOR-dependent regulation of amino acid efflux from lysosomes(Science, 2017)
CLN3 is required for the clearance of glycerophosphodiesters from lysosomes (Nature, 2022)
The Batten disease gene product CLN5 is the lysosomal bis(monoacylglycero)phosphate synthase (Science, 2023)
The Bis(monoacylglycero)-phosphate Hypothesis: From Lysosomal Function to Therapeutic Avenues (Annual Review of Biochemistry, 2024)
PLA2G15 is a BMP hydrolase and its targeting ameliorates lysosomal disease (Nature, 2025)
Cell-type resolved protein atlas of brain lysosomes identifies SLC45A1-associated disease as a lysosomal disorder(Cell, 2026)
Send us a text!
Thanks for listening! If you're enjoying our show, please take a moment to give us a review on your podcast app of choice and share this episode with your friends. That's how we grow as a show and bring the stories of the frontiers of neuroscience to a wider audience.
We want to hear from your neurons! Email us at at neuronspodcast@stanford.edu
Learn more about the Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute at Stanford and follow us on Twitter, Facebook, and LinkedIn.